Native Americans in the late 19th century.
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Term: "Great Sioux Reservation"
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Identification: The Great Sioux Reservation was the original area encompassing what are today the various Indian reservations in South Dakota and Nebraska.
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Term: Chief Joseph & the Nez Percé
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Identification: Chief Joseph was born on March 3, 1840, in Wallowa Valley, Oregon Territory.
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Term: Helen Hunt Jackson
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Identification: was an American poet and writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government.
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Term: The Ghost Dance cult
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Identification: was a new religious movement incorporated into numerous American Indian belief systems
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Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
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Identification: The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887), Significance: adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
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Term: Comstock Lode
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Identification: The Comstock Lode is a lode of silver ore located under the eastern slope of Mount Davidson, a peak in the Virginia Range in Nevada (then western Utah Territory Significance: It was the first major discovery of silver ore in the United States.
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Term: Frederick Jackson Turner Page: 610 & 625
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Identification: was an American historian in the early 20th century, based at the University of Wisconsin until 1910, and then at Harvard. He trained many PhDs who came to occupy prominent places in the history profession Significance: He promoted interdisciplinary and quantitative methods, often with a focus on the Midwest.
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Term: "safety valve" theory Page: 611
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Identification: The safety valve theory was a theory about how to deal with unemployment which gave rise to the Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States Significance: Given the concentration of immigrants (and population) on the Eastern coast, it was hypothesized that making free land available in the West, would relieve the pressure for employment in the East.
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Term: Aaron Montgomery Ward Page: 612
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Identification: Was an American entrepreneur based in Chicago who made his fortune through the use of mail order for retail sales of general merchandise to rural customers. Significance: In 1872 he founded Montgomery Ward & Company, which became nationally known.
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Term: The Grange Page: 615
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Identification: The Patrons of Husbandry, or the Grange, was founded in 1867 to advance methods of agriculture, as well as to promote the social and economic needs of farmers in the United States Significance: The financial crisis of 1873, along with falling crop prices, increases in railroad fees to ship crops, and Congress's reduction of paper money in favor of gold and silver devastated farmers' livelihoods and caused a surge in Grange membership in the mid-1870s.
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Term: Pullman Strike of 1894 Page: 617
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Identification: was a milestone in American labor history, as the widespread strike by workers was put down by the federal government. Significance: President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to crush the strike and dozens were killed in violent clashes.
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Term: William McKinley & Marcus Alonzo Hanna Page: 619
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Identification: William McKinley served in the U.S. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in 1896. Was an American businessman and Republican politician, who served as a United States Senator from Ohio. Significance: As a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity Hanna used his wealth and business skills to successfully manage McKinley's presidential campaigns in 1896 and 1900.
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Term: William Jennings Bryan ; the Cross of Gold Speech Page: 620
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Identification: The Cross of Gold speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. Significance: July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He decried the gold standard, concluding the speech,
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Term: The Gold Standard Act Page: 624
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Term: The Gold Standard Act Identification: The Gold Standard Act of the United States was passed in 1900 (approved on March 14) and established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money, stopping bimetallism (which had allowed silver in exchange for gold). It was signed by President William McKinley. Significance: The Act made the de facto gold standard in place since the Coinage Act of 1873 (whereby debt holders could demand reimbursement in whatever metal was preferred—usually gold) a de jure gold standard alongside other major European powers at the time.
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Term: James G. Blaine ; his "Big Sister" policy Page: 628
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Identification: The "Big Sister" policy was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine formulated by James Gillespie Blaine in the 1880s that aimed to rally Latin American nations behind US leadership and to open their markets to US traders. Significance: Blaine's efforts bore some fruits in 1889
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Term: Great Rapprochement Page: 629
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Identification: The Great Rapprochement, according to historians including Bradford Perkins, describes the convergence of diplomatic, political, military and economic objectives between the United States and Great Britain in 1895-1915. Significance: Changes in the both countries made the Great Rapprochement mutually beneficial as well. Great Britain came to value the United States as a democratic ally at a time when the balance of power in Europe was impacted by the rise of autocracies in Russia and Germany.
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Term: Annexation of Hawaii Page: 629-630
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Identification:Dole declared Hawaii an independent republic. Spurred by the nationalism aroused by the Spanish-American War. Significance: The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 at the urging of President William McKinley. Hawaii was made a territory in 1900, and Dole became its first governor.
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Term: "Yellow Journalism" Page: 630
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Identification: Yellow journalism was a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts Significance: During its heyday in the late 19th century it was one of many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States.
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Term: The Maine Page: 631
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Identification: The United States battleship was blown up in an explosion which killed 260 men on board on February 15th, 1898. What caused the explosion and who was responsible? Significance: No one has ever established exactly what caused the explosion or who was responsible, but the consequence was the brief Spanish-American War of 1898.
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Term: Teller Amendment Page: 633
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Identification:The Teller Amendment was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. Significance: Was adopted along with congressional authorization, 20 April 1898, for the use of U.S. military force to establish Cuban independence from Spain. It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba.
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Term: Roosevelt & his "Rough Riders" Page: 634
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Identification: He resigned in 1898 to organize the Rough Riders, the first voluntary cavalry in the Spanish-American War. Significance: They participated in the capture of Kettle Hill, and then charged across a valley to assist in the seizure of San Juan Ridge, the highest point of which is San Juan Hill.
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Term: Results of the Spanish American War Page: 636
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Guam: Guam were ceded to the United States as indemnity, Puerto Rico : Puerto Rico were ceded to the United States as indemnity, The Philippines :and the Philippines were surrendered to the United States for a payment of $20 million. Significance: The United States emerged from the war with new international power. In both Latin America and East Asia it had established an imperial foothold. The war tied the United States more closely to the course of events in those areas.
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Term: Insular Cases Page: 640
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Identification:The Insular Cases are a series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1901, about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish-American War. Significance: This meant that inhabitants of unincorporated territories such as Puerto Rico—"even if they are U.S. citizens"—may lack some constitutional rights (e.g., the right to remain part of the United States in case of de-annexation).
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Term: Platt Amendment Page: 640
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Identification: On March 2, 1901, the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. Significance: It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions.
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Term: Filipino insurrection Page: 642
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Identification: However, as part of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the US obtained ownership of the Philippines. Shortly after President McKinley made it clear that the Philippines would not be granted independence. Significance: fighting broke out, and the subsequent war would cost the lives of over 4,000 American troops, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and 500,000 Filipino civilians.
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Term: "Water Cure" Page: 642
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Identification: The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door. Significance:
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Term: Boxer Rebellion Page: 643
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Identification: Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising or Yihequan Movement was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty. Significance:The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. Following an uprising in 1911, the dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912.
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Term: 1844 Treaty of Wanghia Page: 643
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Identification: NOTE: Your Cambridge book refers to this as the Treaty of Wangxia. The Treaty of Wanghia was negotiated by Caleb Cushing. Cushing was sent by President Tyler to secure the same rights for the United States that European nations had received from the Chinese Significance: Cushing was successful gaining those same rights for the United States. Those rights included gaining extraterritoriality for the United States. This meant that only U. S. Consul officials could try Americans for crimes committed in China.)
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Term: Theodore Roosevelt Page: 647
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Identification: The rising young Republican politician Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26th president of the United States in September 1901, after the assassination of William McKinley. Young and physically robust, he brought a new energy to the White House, and won a second term on his own merits in 1904. Significance: is widely regarded as the first modern President of the United States. ... His presidency endowed the progressive movement with credibility, lending the prestige of the White House to welfare legislation, government regulation, and the conservation movement.
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Term: Hay Treaties Page: 648
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Hay-Pauncefote: The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty is a treaty signed by the United States and the United Kingdom on 18 November 1901, as a preliminary to the creation of the Panama Canal. Hay-Bunau-Varilla: Treaty (Spanish: Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla) was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama, which established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal.
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Term: Panama Revolution Page: 648
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Identification:With the support of the U.S. government, Panama issues a declaration of independence from Colombia.The revolution was engineered by a Panamanian faction backed by the Panama Canal Company, a French-U.S. corporation that hoped to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans with a waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. Significance:With the support of the U.S. government, Panama issues a declaration of independence from Colombia.
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Term: Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Page: 649-650
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Identification:The Monroe Doctrine had been sought to prevent European intervention in the Western Hemisphere, but now the Roosevelt Corollary justified American intervention throughout the Western Hemisphere. Significance:
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Term: "Yellow Peril" Page: 650
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Identification: was a racist color-metaphor that is conceptually integral to the xenophobic theory of colonialism; that the peoples of East Asia are a danger to the Western World. Significance:
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Term: The Great White Fleet Page: 651
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Identification: The Great White Fleet was the popular nickname for the United States Navy battle fleet that completed a journey around the globe from December 16, 1907, to February 22, 1909, by order of United States President Theodore Roosevelt. It consisted of 16 battleships divided into two squadrons, along with various escorts. Significance:
