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Martin Luther

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A German Catholic monk who protested the sale of indulgences in the Roman Catholic church. In 1517 he wrote a list of complaints he had with the church called the 95 thesis.

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Vernacular Bible

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Bible written in the native language not Latin.

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Protestant Reformation

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Movement against the Holy Roman church sparked by Martin Luther's accentuation of the corruption of the church. This religious movement brought about the creation of protestant churches.

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Henry VIII

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An English monarch who broke away from the Catholic church in order to divorce his who borne a daughter not eligible for the throne. He established a new church, the Anglican Church, but little within the churches practices had changed. His successors adopted protestant practices.

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Calvinism

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A strict form of French Protestantism established by John Calvin in present day Holland, Belgium and Switzerland. Its model city Geneva was a theocracy with a harsh moral code.

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Catholic Reformation

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The Catholic Churches response to the protestant Reformation. Roman Catholic officials reformed their church and to an extent fixed some issues which brought along the protestant reformation.

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Council of Trent

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Helped in the advancing the Catholic Reformation. The council of Trent was an assembly of high church officials ho met to discuss the reforms of the catholic church. They demanded the church follow the codes and require the building of schools.

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The Jesuits/ The society of Jesus

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An organization founded by ST. Ignatius Loyola which sought to extend the boundaries of the reformed Roman Church. The followers of the society, the Jesuits, had advanced education to prepare them for any situation that arose. The Jesuits became great missionaries and converted people in India, China, Japan, The Philippines, and the Americas.

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Witch-Hunting

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Fears that individuals were making alliances with the devil sparked witch hunts. Witches became a convenient explanation for disaster- Failure of crop, inability to conceive a child, a mysterious death etc.

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Religious Wars

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French (Huguenot) Protestants that fought the French Catholic in a war that raged from 1562-1598. Philip II of Catholic Spain attacked protestant England in 1588 with an Armada in and attempt to dethrone Elizabeth I and force England to rejoin the Catholic Church. The armada was defeated signaling Spain's decline and England's rise.

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Dutch Revolt

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Revolt against the Spanish Empire, which led to the formation of the Netherlands.

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Thirty Years war

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Religious war in Germany that raged from 1618-1648. Sparked when the Holy Roman Emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic Church. By the end of the war the Spanish, french, Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian and Russian force had joined the war for political or economical reasons. The war resulted in economical and societal damage throughout Europe. It resulted in the division of Germanic territories. This affect limited the power of the Holy Roman Empire which decentralized government and changes the power structure of Germany

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Charles V

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The Holy Roman Emperor. He almost succeeded in creating his only his own holy empire but failed due to imperial fragmentation. Foreign challenges such as interference by France, The ottoman Empire and Germany.

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New Monarchs

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European monarchs who increased political power by taxing, controlling nobility, and centralizing their government. Armies were fortified and became so large they overwhelmed those of the nobility which in turn limited the nobility's power. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church. Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabel.

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Spanish Inquisition

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Founded by Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain to expel and punish people who practiced Judaism or slam in Spain. Later on Charles V let it hold responsibility for protestant heresy.

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Constitutional Monarchies

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A type of monarchy developed which limited the power of the monarchs. The Rulers of England and Holland Shared their power with representative bodies.

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Glorious Revolution

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Following the English Civil War, this event involved the British Parliament overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament begins to share power with the monarchy, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious.

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Absolute Monarchs

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a ruler that has complete and unlimited power to rule his or her people.

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Divine Right

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Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

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Oliver Cromwell

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English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

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Louis XIV

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Embodiment of absolutism. He declared the he himself was the state, "L'etat, c'est moi", and he was also deemed the title " The Sun King". He built the palace Versailles because he wanted to keep an eye on his staff. He manipulated the nobles into thinking their job was solely to please him. Louis provided the nobility with endless entertainment in exchange for absolute power. Louis and his advisers promoted economic development by patronizing the establishment of new industries, building roads and canals, and encouraging exportation of goods.

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Cardinal Richelieu

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Was chief adviser to Louis XIV. Richelieu worked on centralizing the king's power. To he had to undermine of the power of the nobility and enhance the authority of the king. He destroyed the castles of the nobility and appointed new staff of the bureaucracy. The new staff consisted of commoners loyal to the king,

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Palace of Versailles

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Largest building in Europe established by Louis XIV. Built for the purpose of keeping the nobles within control of the monarchy.

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Peter the Great

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Reigned from 1682-1725 as a Russia tsar. Peter reformed the economy, military, religion and culture of Russia. Peter had factories built for serfs to work in advancing the economy as a result. The military was strengthened when peter brought in military experts to train the Russian army. Peter had the Russian Orthodox Church completely under his control. Peter influenced culture when he assimilated Russian culture, - Clothing, facial hair, etc. - with English culture.

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Catherine The Great

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Continued and extended Peter the Great's reforms. Catherine the great also extended Russia's borders when she waged war on the Ottoman Empire and won

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Peace of Westphalia

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The treaty that ended the thirty years was. It laid the basics for a system of independent competing states. The treaty's terms made the states mutually respect one another's rights an religious affiliations.

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The Seven Years war

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A global conflict from 1756-1763. The war resulted from brewing conflict between merchants. The commercial rivalries between the English and French were the most prominent in tipping off the war. The outcome was 150 years of British imperial hegemony.

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Capitalism

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An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

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Urbanization

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During the nineteenth century, migrants were relocated towards cities.

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Serfs

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People who gave their land to a lord and offered their servitude in return for protection from the lord.

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Capitalist society

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an economic system that depends on private investment and making a profit

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Adam Smith

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Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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Published a treatise on the revolution of the heavenly spheres. This production countered the Ptolemaic theory which was widely known and was the basis of christian views. Nicolaus' publication claimed the earth revolved around the sun and was no the center of the universe like originally believed.

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Johannes Kepler

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German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

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Galileo Galilei

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A mathematical who was the first to study the stars using a telescope. With this he revealed that the heavens were not a perfect place as astronomers at the time had thought. He set forth the idea that the universe was much larger than suspected

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Telescope

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A device built to observe distant objects by making them appear closer

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Isaac Newton

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English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

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Ptolemaic theory

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It is the theory when Ptolemy thought that the Earth was at the center of the universe and that the other planets and the sun revolved around the Earth

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Enlightenment

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A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.

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Voltaire

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(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

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John Locke

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English philosopher who worked on natural laws of politics. He revoked the divine right theories. He provided justification for the Glorious revolution and establishment of constitutional monarchy.

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Deism

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An enlightenment view that believed in a god but rejected the supernatural aspects of christian religion.

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English bill of rights

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King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

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English Civil war

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Charles I tried to advocate the divine right of kings and bring more absolutist policies to England. He was also seen as bringing too much Catholic influence to the Church of England. War broke out between Parliament's supporters(Roundheads)and the kings's supporters(Cavaliers). Later Charles I was tried and executed in 1649 as a"tyrant,traitor,murderer,and public enemy". Oliver Cromwell,leader of military,ruled England as "Lord Protector" until 1658.

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Ivan the terrible

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(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

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Montesquieu

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"The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers

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Rousseau

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(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

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Beccaria

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-"On Crimes and Punishment" opposed capital punishment, torture; prisoners had certain right, wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

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Thomas Hobbes

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English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

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Joseph II

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Absolute Austrian monarch who abolished serfdom and the death penalty, practiced religious toleration, and established equality of all before the law

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Joint stock companies

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A business in which investors pool their money for a common purpose, then share the profit.

Chapter 24: The Transformation of Europe Vocab – Flashcards

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