chapter 23 us history 23 – Flashcards

The US Supreme Court used the power of judicial review to overturn six key New Deal programs and close one government agency in 1935 and 1936, in the early years of Roosevelt's New Deal. Although the President had succeeded in gaining Congressional support for his novel approach to solving the United States' economic problems, the Supreme Court thwarted his plans. The nine justices Roosevelt inherited when he entered office were staunch conservatives who considered many aspects of the new government programs unconstitutional.

In response, Roosevelt drafted the "Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937," which, among other things, proposed to add one new (and more liberal) justice to the Supreme Court for each sitting justice over the age of 70.5 years, up to a maximum of six justices (coincidentally, the exact number of sitting justices who exceeded the target age), in an attempt to shift the balance of the Court in his favor.

Each campaign presented ER with different challenges - organizing women voters, tailoring FDR's campaign message, coordinating campaign publicity, mediating disputes between key campaign staff and between FDR and key supporters, calming angry convention delegates, and taking messages to FDR that he did not want to hear. All of ER's work was done behind the scenes. She continued to write her columns and to give lectures but she worked hard to keep the columns and lectures focused on issues, rather than candidates. She did not campaign for FDR in 1932 or 1936 because first ladies did not accompany their husbands on the campaign trail.

The act was an attempt to limit what was seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens on widows and fatherless children. By signing this act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly.[2] The Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death. Payments to current retirees are financed by a payroll tax on current workers' wages, half directly as a payroll tax and half paid by the employer. The act also gave money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals (Title I), for unemployment insurance (Title III), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (Title IV), Maternal and Child Welfare (Title V), public health services (Title VI), and the blind (

A. What problems were faced by African Americans during the 1930's? 1. Economic deterioration of cities led to Black workers being pushed out in favor of White workers or just plain being the first to be fired. Since African Americans had moved to the cities later (Progressive Era migration) they were the "last hired, first fired." 2. Agricultural collapse in the South led to virtual destruction of the tenant farming system. 3. Ghettos turned into slums as funding stopped coming into inner city Black communities. Harlem, a thriving cultural center in the twenties, was decimated. 4. Black colleges stopped receiving white philanthropy. 5. Continuing discrimination, Jim Crow as well as segregation in the North, led to Blacks being fired and generally horrible conditions. Educational and economic opportunities were even more limited than they were before. B. How did the New Deal hurt African Americans? 1. At first it hurt - Federal Housing Agency stopped black from moving into white neighborhoods and some public works projects refused to hire blacks. 2. AAA pushed African Americans off their farms because it paid the White landowners not to grow food. When they received this money they dismissed many tenant farmers and workers. Recipients of AAA money were supposed to share with their Black workers but the reality is that this wasn't done. 3. Social Security left out blacks because it was only those who worked and paid FICA tax into the system would get out of the system. Since many African Americans either worked "off the books" or for cash they never paid in and thus never received Social Security. C. How did the New Deal help African Americans? 1. Federal relief programs provided massive amounts of aid to Blacks and Whites alike. 2. Jobs - WPA developed a non discrimination policy. 3. African American Governors were consulted by FDR. This group of Black political leaders became known as the Black Cabinet. Blacks were later appointed to the Cabinet, an American first. 4. Eleanor Roosevelt championed the rights of African Americans. Marian Anderson concert that had been rejected by Daughters of the American Revolution to play in Constitutional Hall was allowed to play at the Lincoln Memorial.

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

March 9-June 16, 1933; Congress enacted more than a dozen Progressive-inspired measures expanding federal involvement in national economic life; ambitious beginning of relief and recovery programs; symbolized both dynamism and confusion of the New Deal

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

this at paved the way for the federal deposit insurance corporation that would protect US banking deposits up to $5,000

(FDR) 1933, 1934, , required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

(CWA), headed by Hopkins, Designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency of 1933 prevent winter damage by creating tens of thousands of jobs such as leaf-raking and other jobs made just so people can be able to do something. These jobs are called "boondoggling." . purely temporary and often very simple

permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, allowed workers to bargain collectively for wage increases and benefits, allowed workers to go on strike to try to force employers to meet their demands

1933: June 13th, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) - Child labor was forbidden, and Section 7A of the NIRA guaranteed labor unions the right to organize and bargain collectively.

The corporation that the government sponsored with goals of lengthening the mortgage repayment term and lowering the rates for the employed.

This act provided for the construction of 810,000 units of low-income housing accompanied by long-term rent subsidies.

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment.

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today

Economist agreed that massive government spending could help a collapsing economy and encouraged more private spending and the production of goods and services.

When a government spends more than it takes in and goes into debt.

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Great Depression photographer who took pictures of suffering people in black and white doing everyday activities

The high point of lawmaking in the New Deal. There were three goals during this time. 1. strengthen national commitment to create jobs. 2. to provide security against old age, illness and unemployment. 3. to improve housing conditions and clean out the slums

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)

allowed the government to pay farmers to reduce production so as to "conserve soil", prevent erosion, and accomplish other minor goals.

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

loans to farmres to get land. The Resettlement Administration (RA) was a New Deal U.S. federal agency that, between April 1935 and December 1936, relocated struggling urban and rural families to communities planned by the federal government.

This group established in 1935 was formed to combat American rural poverty. It stressed "rural rehabilitation" and allowed for farmers on poor land to be relocated to a more suitable land.

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

(FDR) , (NYA)1935, provided education jobs counseling and recreation for young people. part time positions at schools for students allowed for aid in h.s. college and grad school. part time jobs for drop outs

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

Made by Frances Perkins. Established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions (Social Security), unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without father present. Established the framework for the U.S. welfare system.

Provided affordable electricity for isolated rural areas

Targeting the sprawling public-utility empires that had proliferated in the 1920s, restricted gas and electric companies to one geographic region

Redefines "commerce"-court said that under COMMERCE POWER it could impose labor regulations on steel manufacturers; said that this steel plant has a huge impact on INTERSTATE COMMERCE and that if it was shut down it would have a huge effect. Congress may regulate if INTERSTATE COMMERCE is affected

court ruled that gun-free school zone act exceeded Congress' authority to regulate interstate commerce; Congress must defer to states; Rehnquist judicial restraint, judicial supremacy

had his own radio show early in the morning; spoke out against political injustice; spoke for the working class, and the middle/upper class looked upon him as a threat.

(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

union organization of unskilled workers broke away from AFL in 1935 and rejoined in 1955

1937, 10 strikers dead. Small steel industries engaging in violent resistance against John L. Lewis's use of the Wagner Act.

a series of filmed images projected on a screen so rapidly the illusion of motion is created.

1939 - Starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh - films like this offered pure escape from the realities of the Depression.

Pioneering entertainer, actor and director, who created "The War of the Worlds" radio broadcast in 1938

German airship crashed in flames in NJ (after transatlantic voyage); enormous national reaction-live broadcast

This created positions for artists by making positions for art teachers and decorating posts for offices and courthouses with murals. The Arts Project also funded photographers, including Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans.

(1891-1942) American Regionalist; works focus on rural scenes in Iowa; best known for American Gothic

American songwriter and folksinger who flourished in the 1930s, writing numerous songs about social injustice and the hardships of the Great Depression years; two of his best-remembered songs are "This Land is Your Land" and "So Long, It's Been Good to Know Yuh."

20th century writer best known for his novels dealing with the black experience in the United States. Two of his best known works are Black Boy and Native Son. The first African American writer to win a broad response from the reading public.

The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck

was a United States federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal One.

(FDI) A United States government corporation created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. It provides deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000 per depositor per bank

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

National Labor Relations Act. Legalized labor unions, guaranteed right to join union and "good faith" bargaining.

equality, as in amount, status, or value

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.