question

gives the examiner information regarding the intactness of the lower motor neurons

answer

testing deep tendon reflexes

question

the exaggerated reflex seen when the monosynaptic reflex arc is released from the usually inhibiting influence of higher cortical levels occurs with upper motor neuron lesions

answer

hyperreflexia

question

sensory afferents, motor efferents, and anterior horn cells

answer

lower motor neuron

question

expected response when you are testing the quadriceps reflex

answer

extension of the lower leg

question

expected response when testing the Achilles tendon

answer

foot plantar flexes

question

if you are unable to initiate a DTR, have the individual perform an isometric exercise in a muscle group away from the one being tested will enhance the response

answer

reinforcement

question

strike a brief, well-aimed blow on the muscle's insertion tendon, and bounce up promptly, not letting the hammer rest on the tendon

answer

testing DTR

question

brisker than average DTR, which may indicate disease

answer

3+

question

very brisk DTR, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease

answer

4+

question

normal DTR

answer

2+

question

indicates diminished, low normal DTR

answer

1+

question

the expected position for a newborn to assume

answer

flexion

question

nausea and vomiting, focal seizures, sudden loss of consciousness, and sudden, severe headache

answer

signs of hemorrhagic stroke

question

arm drift, loss of balance, and unilateral facial droop along with weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with speech, confusion, and clouding of vision

answer

signs of ischemic stroke

question

toddler who gets up from a lying position by positioning himself on all four extremities and then climbing up himself until he is upright indicative of weak pelvic muscles, which is a sign of muscular dystrophy

answer

Gower's sign

question

a procedure that is specifically associated with testing cerebellar function person can pat the knees with both hands, turn the hands over, and pat the knees with the backs of the hands in a quick, rhythmic pace

answer

rapid, alternating movements

question

demonstrated by a slow, clumsy, sloppy performance and occurs with cerebellar disease

answer

lack of coordination

question

testing of superficial pain and touch assesses the spinothalamic tract

answer

two-point discrimination

question

provides the health care provider with a measure of the level of consciousness assesses the functional state of the brain as a whole, not the function of any part in particular

answer

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

question

a paroxysmal disease characterized by altered or loss of consciousness, involuntary muscle movements, and sensory disturbances

answer

epilepsy

question

tremor, bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, and slowness and weakness of voluntary movement

answer

symptoms of Parkinson's disease

question

spontaneous, initiated, voluntary acts of sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving the limbs, trunk, or face, not just the arm and/or leg

answer

Huntington's chorea

question

a condition that results after sustaining an injury to Wernicke's area patient may hear sound, but is unable to make any meaning out of it

answer

receptive aphasia

question

responsible for mediating motor speech when damaged, the patient can understand language, knows what he or she wants to say, but can produce only garbled sound

answer

Broca's area

question

associated with language comprehension

answer

Wernicke's area

question

additional bands of gray matter buried deep within the two cerebral hemispheres that form the subcortical associated motor system (the extrapyramidal system) help to initiate and coordinate movement and control automatic associated movements of the body

answer

basal ganglia

question

primary center for sensation

answer

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

question

three structures that comprise the brainstem

answer

midbrain, pons, medulla

question

contains many motor neurons and tracts the most anterior part of the brainstem and still has the tubular structure of the spinal cord

answer

midbrain

question

contains ascending sensory and descending motor tracts contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic respiratory centers --> coordinate with the main respiratory center in the medulla

answer

pons

question

the continuation of the spinal cord in the brain that contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts, the vital autonomic centers for respiration, heart, and gastrointestinal function, as well as the nuclei for cranial nerves VIII through XII where pyramidal decussation occurs

answer

medulla

question

presence of normal rooting and sucking reflexes infers proper functioning of which cranial nerve?

answer

cranial nerve V

question

proper function of cranial nerve ____ is indicated by facial movements

answer

cranial nerve VII

question

proper function of cranial nerves ___ and ____ is inferred by the presence of swallowing, the gag reflex, and coordinated sucking and swallowing

answer

cranial nerves IX and X

question

carry sensory impulses to the brain

answer

spinothalamic (anterolateral) tract and posterior (dorsal) columns

question

differs from the other cranial nerves in that it innervates organs outside the head and neck

answer

vagus cranial nerve (X)

question

travels to the heart, respiratory muscles, stomach, and gallbladder, and it does not have a spinal nerve component to its origin and structure

answer

vagus nerve

question

cranial nerves with motor component

answer

Cranial nerves III to VII and IX to XII

question

cranial nerves with both a sensory and motor component

answer

Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X

question

tongue deviates to one side as a result of lesions of the _____________ nerve

answer

hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII)

question

responsible for lateral movement of the eye

answer

abducens nerve (VI)

question

motor component of the _______________ nerve mediates phonation and swallowing.

answer

glossopharyngeal (IX)

question

motor component of the ____________ nerve innervates the muscles of mastication

answer

trigeminal (cranial nerve V)

question

the temporal and masseter muscles are palpated bilaterally while the patient clenches the teeth to assess the motor function of the _____________ nerve

answer

trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

question

deep tendon, superficial, visceral, pathologic

answer

four types of reflexes

question

abdominal reflex and the corneal reflex

answer

superficial reflexes

question

Babinski reflex

answer

pathological reflex

question

knee jerk reflex (patellar reflex)

answer

deep tendon reflex

question

pupillary response to light and accommodation is a ________ reflex

answer

visceral reflex

question

in a newborn, motor activity is under the control of the ________ ______ and the ____________

answer

spinal cord and medulla

question

sensory and motor development in the infant develops in what order?

answer

from head to toe and from the center outward (head, neck, trunk, and then extremities)

question

a test of balance in which a person is asked to stand with feet together and arms at sides once stable in this position, the person is asked to close the eyes and hold the position observe for 20 seconds, if the person sways significantly, falls, or widens the base of the feet to avoid falling the test is positive

answer

Romberg test

question

abnormal sensation of burning and/or tingling

answer

paresthesia

question

position sense

answer

kinesthesia

question

a partial or incomplete paralysis

answer

paresis

question

the inability to control range of motion of muscles

answer

dysmetria

question

an abnormality of language that can occur with stroke

answer

aphasia

question

a term for pronounced, generalized edema

answer

anasarca

question

dimness of sight without an organic defect

answer

amblyopia

question

muscle tone is increased, muscle bulk is basically normal, and there are no abnormal movements deep tendon reflexes are hyperreflexive positive Babinski sign superficial abdominal reflexes are absent

answer

UMN lesion

question

muscle tone is lost, resulting in flaccidity muscle bulk is reduced as a result of atrophy fasciculations occur and reflexes are diminished or absent

answer

LMN lesion

question

common cause of glove-and-stocking anesthesia

answer

Diabetes mellitus

question

a loss of all types of sensation in the extremities

answer

glove-and-stocking anesthesia

question

a loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral side starting one to two segments below the level of the lesion as well as loss of vibration and position discrimination on the ipsilateral side below the level of the lesion

answer

meningioma and multiple sclerosis

question

a loss of all sensation in the distribution of the involved nerve

answer

vascular occlusion

question

Babinski sign, diplopia, loss of balance, weakness, spasticity, nystagmus, hyperreflexia, and extreme fatigue

answer

manifestations of multiple sclerosis

question

patient demonstrates slow, clumsy, sloppy movements when performing rapid alternating hand movements

answer

dysdiadochokinesia

question

transmits the sensations of pain, temperature, and crude or light touch tested by asking patient to identify when the skin is being touched with the sharp or dull end of a pin/broken tongue blade

answer

spinothalamic tract

question

characterized by a set of short, jerking contractions of the same muscle

answer

clonus

question

an involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups, which results in rhythmic, back-and-forth movement of one or more joints, and may occur at rest or with voluntary movement

answer

tremor

question

a slow, twisting, writhing, continuous movement, resembling a snake or worm involves the distal part of the limb more than the proximal part occurs with cerebral palsy, disappears with sleep, characterized by "athetoid" hand—some fingers are flexed and some are extended

answer

athetosis

question

also known as spinal cord hemisection caused by lesions such as meningioma, neurofibroma, cervical spondylosis, and the lesions of multiple sclerosis loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral side from the lesion and starting about two segments below its level involves loss of vibration and position discrimination on the ipsilateral side below the level of the lesion

answer

Brown-Séquard syndrome

question

fists are held in tight flexion for the first __ months,

answer

3 months

question

the head flops forward upon being pulled to a sitting position until 4 months of age

answer

4 months

question

persistent one-hand preference in an infant less than ___ months old may indicate a motor deficit on the opposite side

answer

18 months

question

babbling occurs at __ months of age

answer

4 months

question

consists of flexion of the hips and knees when the neck is flexed

answer

Brudzinski reflex

question

consists of pain in the lower back and resistance to straightening the leg when it is flexed at the knee or, alternatively, resistance to raising the leg straight when lying flat in the supine position with the thigh flexed on the abdomen

answer

Kernig reflex

question

responsible for transmitting the sensations of vibration, position, and fine touch

answer

posterior (dorsal) columns

question

the ability to perceive passive movements of the extremities tested by moving a patient's finger or big toe up and down and asking the patient to tell you which way it moved without looking

answer

position sense

question

F.A.S.T.

answer

F is for face drooping A is for arm weakness S is for speech difficulty T is for time to call 911

question

loss of smell occurs with tobacco smoking, allergic rhinitis, and cocaine use

answer

anosmia

question

the degree of movement in nystagmus and is described as fine, medium, or coarse

answer

amplitude of nystagmus

question

refers to movement that is horizontal, vertical, rotary, or a combination

answer

plane

question

refers to whether the movement is constant or fades after a few beats (nystagmus)

answer

frequency

question

the oscillations move equally left and right

answer

pendular movement nystagmus

question

quick movement in one direction and a slow movement in the other

answer

jerk movement nystagmus

question

tested by having the individual identify specific tastes on the tongue

answer

sensory component of facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

question

touching the individual's face at various points with a cotton wisp

answer

tests cranial nerve V

question

touching the cornea with a wisp of cotton to elicit the corneal blink reflex

answer

tests cranial nerve V

question

palpating the temporal and masseter muscles as the person clenches the teeth assesses the muscles of mastication

answer

tests motor component of cranial nerve V

question

concerned with personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual function

answer

frontal lobe

question

initiates voluntary movement

answer

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

question

primary center for sensation

answer

parietal lobe postcentral gyrus

question

primary visual receptor center

answer

occipital lobe

question

the primary auditory reception center with functions of hearing, taste and smell

answer

temporal lobe

question

the main relay station where the sensory pathways of the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brainstem form synapses

answer

thalamus

question

a major respiratory center with basic vital functions: temperature, appetite, sex drive, heart rate, and blood pressure (BP) control; sleep center coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and stress response

answer

hypothalamus

question

coiled structure located under the occipital lobe that is concerned with motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, muscle tone

answer

cerebellum

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