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Jim Fisk

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"Jubilee Jim" was business partners with Jay Gould. He was a millionaire who planned to corner the gold market with Gould in 1869. They asked that the Treasury not sell gold and were given Grant's word. Later on, Grant had to go back on his word and sell gold. Grant was no punished for his actions by Congress.

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Jay Gould

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Jim Fisk's business partner who provided the "brains" in their partnership. He also was a part of the gold market "scandal".

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Thomas Nast

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A cartoonist who refused $5 million dollars and insisted on publishing a cartoon that attacked "Boss" Tweed. Tweed had allowed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to occur which made him $200 million in profit. He hushed knowing citizens and raised the taxes of those who protested his actions.

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Horace Greeley

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The editor of the New York Tribune who was nominated for president. His candidacy was supported by the Democrats. Greeley had previously written about the Democrats as traitors, slave shippers, saloon keepers, horse thieves, and idiots. He was criticized by Republicans as an atheist, communist, free-lover, vegetarian, brown-bread eater, and cosigner of the Jefferson Davis's bail bond. He lost the election to Grant who ran for his second term.

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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The governor of Ohio who ran for president. He had been the Republican nominee after the closing of Grant's presidency (where two terms became the max time in office). His opposing candidate in the election was Tilden. The election was called the most corrupt one in U.S. history and is now referred to as the Hayes-Tilden election. Electoral votes had been contested in four states.

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Samuel Tilden

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A New York attorney that headed the prosecution against "Boss" Tweed. His fame during the trial led to his presidential nomination. He had run as a Democrat. However, he lost the election to Hayes.

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James A. Garfield

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After no change in deadlock during the 1880 election, the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds nominated Garfield for president.

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Chester A. Arthur

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Taken under Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York's wing. He later became president and served a single term. He signed both the Pendleton Act and the Chinese Exclusion Act. He represented the Republican party.

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Charles J. Guiteau

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Assassinated James Garflield in 1881. He had been a lawyer. After his crime, he was hanged.

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William Jennings Bryan

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An important member of the Populist party. A spokesman for silver and "cheap money". He also led the Democrats in the Chicago Convention of 1896.

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J.P. Morgan

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Gave a loan of $62 million to the U.S. government after WW1 and was repaid. Maintained a monopoly of the railroads. He bought out Carnegie's steel company and called it U.S. Steel. Considered a "robber baron".

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soft/cheap money

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Paper money which was not affiliated with either the Treasury or the gold supply. Debtors often used it to pay off their dues. Often called "foldable" money.

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hard/sound money

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Paper money which was backed by gold. Creditors had wanted to eliminate greenbacks. The money was actually made out of metal.

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contraction

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The U.S. Treasury collected gold stocks in preparation for the day when hard money payments would be banned along with the reduction of sound money.

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Resumption Act

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An act passed by Congress that banned the use of soft money for payments and started a system of only hard money currency.

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Gilded Age

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The name given to the time period that lasted roughly from 1865-1873. It had been given to the age by Mark Twain. Issues included "currency inflation, speculation, over expansion, and loose business and political works".

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Spoils System

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A system in which those who had personal connections and gave favors to those in power were given jobs of higher positions. i.e. Barack Obama's mom becomes Secretary of State.

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Crop-Lien System

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This system offered farmers greater credit. Farmers used their produce to repay debts.

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Pork-Barrel Bills

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The act of Congress voting for irrelevant building projects in hopes of earning more district popularity for a certain individual.

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Populism

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The idea of supporting the working class and their rights. It also identifies the injustice the common people see against the very wealthy class.

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"Ohio Idea"

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The eastern delegates of great wealth asked that federal war bonds be paid in hard money rather than soft money. However, the less privileged western delegates supported the distribution of soft money. Soft money had been used to help with the country's debt and begin to deflate the value of currency.

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the "bloody shirt"

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The idea of remember the civil war and what the causes were. By doing this, the hopes were to prevent history from repeating itself.

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Tweed Ring

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The dysfunctional section of NYC's Tammany Hall that Tilden had overthrown. Tilden had been the governor of New York.

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Credit Mobilier

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A joint-stock company responsible for the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1867. It had been reorganized in 1867 after being organized in 1863. The reason for this being that the company had been involved in a scandal in which government officials accepted hush money.

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Whiskey Ring

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A scandal in which government official imported whiskey and avoided taxes on it by using their offices. The Treasury, in turn, lost millions. This had all occurred under Grant's administration.

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Liberal Republicans

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A group that came to be in 1872 and was separate from the Republican party. It believed that Reconstruction had finished and worked to stop efforts towards further Reconstruction.

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"Crime of '73"

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Under the Fourth Coinage Act, the U.S. Congress adopted the gold standard and left behind silver. Miners had been angered because the U.S. set the specie standard to gold rather than silver.

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Bland-Allison Act

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The act in which the government decided it would purchase silver monthly and coin it.

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Greenback Labor party

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A group that farmers had once looked at as a place of refuge. It had looked to improve labor and fix the issue of inflation in currency (like Greenbackers).

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Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)

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An organization set in place to represent the Civil War Union. It played a large role politically in the late nineteenth century.

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Stalwart

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A group of people that took advantage of the spoils system by granting government positions to those faithful to the Republican party. This added to corruption.

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Half-Breed

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A group of people who opposed the Stalwarts. The group was led by James G. Blaine. They did not agree with the way in which Stalwarts believed jobs should be appointed.

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Compromise of 1877

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This compromise marked the closing of the reconstruction era. With it, Republicans agreed to remove the military from the South, appoint David Key, a Democratic postmaster general, to cabinet, and guaranteed federal money given for railroad construction and levees on the Mississippi River.

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Pendleton Act

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The Pendleton Act of 1883 called for civil service reform. It stated that the Civil Service Exam must be taken and passed to earn a government position. Those who earned the highest scores were given the government position. The act did not allow for federal employees to give campaign money to their parties.

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Mugwumps

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A Republican party put together and run by Maine's Senator, James G. Blaine. The group openly refuted government reform. It fought for patronage and spoils.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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The outcome resulted in "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites. It helped in moving segregation forward. This was legal under the fourteenth amendment.

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Jim Crow

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A set of laws created to separate whites and blacks in public areas. This included restaurants, bathrooms, transportation, etc. As a result, blacks had less opportunity in housing, work, education, and government.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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This act kept the Chinese immigrants from coming to the U.S. The act was to be in action for ten years.

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U.S. vs. Wong Kim

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This act stated that any person, even one born to an immigrant, is born in the United States, they become a citizen of the United States. With this citizenship they are granted the opportunity to live in the United States.

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"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

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A phrase used by the Republican party as an insult. As a result, the Republicans lost New York's vote in the elections because the phrase attacked Irish Americans who made up a large percentage of the vote.

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Billion-Dollar Congress

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The nickname given to Congress after it spent a record amount. Congress, at the time, was led by Benjamin Harrison.

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People's Party (Populists)

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A group of people made up of farmers' alliances. They supported the closing of national banks and the ending of the government's ownership of railroads.

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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This act required the government to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion a month to maintain the United States currency.

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McKinley Tariff

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A tariff that raised the protective tariff levels close to 50%. This resulted in the highest tariffs on imports in U.S. history.

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