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Industrial Revolution

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The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovations in transportation and communication.

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agricultural revolution

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The transformation of farming in the eighteenth century that resulted from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled.

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mass production

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The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright.

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Josiah Wedgwood

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English industrialist whose pottery works first produced fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.

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division of labor

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A manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth century factories, it has greatly increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods.

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mechanization

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The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England.

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Richard Arkwright

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English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once.

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Crystal Palace

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Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

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steam engine

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was later applied to moving machinery in factories and to powering ships and locomotives.

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James Watt

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Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.

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electric telegraph

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A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores.

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laissez faire

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The idea that the government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776).

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mercantilism

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European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif.

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positivism

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A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Their ideas became popular in France and Latin America in the nineteenth century.

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proletariat

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The class of industrial wage earners who possess neither capital nor the tools of production. They, therefore, must earn their living by selling their labor.

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Muhammad Ali

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Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

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Section 1 Review: Causes of the Industrial Revolution

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-The Industrial Revolution arose from population growth, an agricultural revolution, increased trade, and an interest in innovation. -Britain industrialized first, thanks to its fluid political structures, transportation infrastructure, inventiveness, and society open to talented and enterprising people. -Among educated Europeans, practical subjects like business. science, and technology became fashionable. -On the European continent, the revolutions of 1789-1815 swept away the restrictions of the old aristocratic regimes and allowed for more industrial growth.

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Section 2 Review: The Technological Revolution

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-A series of technological and organizational innovations transformed manufacturing, transportation, and communication. -Mechanization, pioneered by Wedgwood, meant that work formerly done by skilled craftsmen was divided into many simple tasks assigned to workers in factories. -New machines allowed the mass production of cotton yarn and cloth. -The use of coke and new machines made iron cheap and abundant. -Steam engines provided power for mines, factories, ships, and railroads. -Electricity found its first practical application in telegraphy.

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Section 3 Review: The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution

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-The Industrial Revolution changed people's lived and the environments in which they lived. -Cities grew huge, and for most of their inhabitants, unsightly and unhealthy. -Roads, canals, and railroads crisscrossed open land, changing rural environments. -Middle-class women were consigned to caring for the home and children, while many working-class women had to earn their living in mines and factories. -Serious social problems arose, such as unemployment, alcoholism, and the abandonment of children.

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Section 4 Review: New Economic and Political Ideas

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-Many people sought explanations and proposed solutions for the changes in society and the economy. -Some economists defended the growing disparities between the rich and poor in the name of laissez faire, the free-market idea proposed by Adam Smith that appealed to businesspeople. -Positivists deplored the hardships caused by industrialization but asserted that they could be ameliorated by technological advances and wise policies. -Agitation by workers led politicians to investigate the working conditions in mines and factories, especially the work of women and children.

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Section 5 Review: The Limits of Industrialization Outside the West

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-Industrialization gave the newly industrialized nations of the West the power to coerce non-Western societies. -Britain snuffed out the incipient industrialization in Egypt and India and turned these countries into producers of raw materials. -China stagnated and was defeated by Britain and its steam-powered gunboats.

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The following is true of the Industrial Revolution.

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The distribution of wealth and power generated by the Industrial Revolution was uneven.

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Great Britain's rapid population growth in the eighteenth and nineteenth century was due mainly to

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widespread resistance to disease and increased food supplies.

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The planting of new crops led to a second agricultural revolution in western Europe. In Great Britain, in particular, this led landowners to

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enclose their lands and force tenant farmers and sharecroppers off the land.

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*As a result of the Industrial Revolution, by the early eighteenth century,

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a consumer economy began emerging in all of western Europe.

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In comparison to other European nations in the 1790s, the aristocracy in Great Britain

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was generally less powerful and not as centralized.

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*The following is an accurate statement of Great Britain in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

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In Great Britain more people were involved in production for export, trade, and finance than in any other major country.

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*As in Great Britain, most nations on the continent focused their first industrial enterprises on

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cotton cloth.

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Some early industrialists, such as Josiah Wedgwood, mastered the mass production of goods through

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the use of division of labor in their factories.

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*One important byproduct of Watt's perfection of Newcomen's steam engine was that

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it led to an increase in the need for coal miners in Great Britain.

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The most dramatic environmental changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution

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occurred in urban areas.

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The following is true of industrial work in the first half of the nineteenth century.

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Most industrial jobs were unskilled, boring, and repetitive.

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The idea that the government should refrain from interference in business, except to protect private property, is known as

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laissez faire.

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One major impediment to Chinese industrialization in the early nineteenth century was

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a conservative elite.

Chapter 21 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851 – Flashcards

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