Chapter 21 The Civil Rights Movement (1950-1968) – Flashcards

The first black baseball player to play in the major leagues. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers and broke the color barrier in baseball and made way for other changes for equality.

the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education; , leading attorney for NAACP in 1940s and 1950s, who headed the team in Brown vs. Board of Education case; later, Lyndon Johnson appointed him the first black justice on the United States Supreme Court.

Unanimous decision; court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause; "separate but equal" has no place and was unconstitutional and could not be applied to public education; reverse decision of Plessy v. Feurgeson; Integration of public schools like Little Rock Central High were a result of this 1954 Supreme Court case.

Schools were required to integrate with all deliberate speed. The Supreme Court realized that the change would be slow particularly in the South and did not want to set a concrete timeline; Surpreme Court desicion of Brown case, states should end segregation with all deliberate speed - soon, no time table

The man who said "separate is inequal," he also gave the majority vote; accepted cases involving controversial issues, particularly civil rights and the rights of the accused, Chief Justice from 1953-1969; led activist liberal court; known for cases expanding rights of criminal defendants

The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party; this, signed by 101 members of congress in 1956, condemned the Supreme Court decision of Brown v Board of Education in 1954 as an abuse of power, and in those states desegregation did not occur

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal; plan for African Americans to refuse to use the bus system until companies agreed to change segregation policies

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

United States civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968). He preached non-violence and was assassinated by James Earl Ray.

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights; , laws which promoted segregation, or the separation of people based on race. These laws worked primarily to restricted the rights of African Americans to use certain schools and public facilities, usually the good ones; to vote; find decent employment and associate with anyone of their own choosing. These laws did not make life "separate but equal," but only served to exclude African Americans and others from exercising their rights as American citizens. In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the US Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were unconstitutional. It took many years and much effort, however, before Jim Crow laws would be overturned across the country.

The site of forced school desegregation during the American Civil Rights Movement. Nine black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public schools; 1957-Little Rock school ordered to desegregate but then Arkansas National Guard came; Eisenhower didn't really believe in Civil Rights but hated disobeyers

Republican, popular hero of WWII; "dynamic conservatism" as a middle ground btw. Rep. and Dem.; Interstate Highway System (ulterior motive of weapons transportation); St. Lawrence Seaway opened Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean via locks; Depts. Of Health, Education, and Welfare to oversee New Deal programs, President who forced Little Rock High School to integrate; signed the truce that brought an armed peace along the border of South Korea; 1952-1960

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

Confrontation of violence with intent not to injure and/or rectify injury or injustice.

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism; SNCC was a student based civil rights organization. Their actions, such as sit-ins, helped pass civil right laws.

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Birhmingham, Alabama was where King advocated most of his efforts in terms of marches, mass meetings, and boycotts. The SCLC and CORE campaigned for blacks to register to vote in Birmingham. Bombings in Birmingham began emerging due to the tension that rose. Birmingham is also where MLK was arrested on Good Friday.

MLK I have a dream speech, ¼ million people come to listen to speeches about why national gov't must change laws JFK angry because felt he needed more time to make it happen, SNIC becomes more radical & want faster change, disagreement b.w SCLC want to openly insult JFK & instigate; 200,000 interracial demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement.

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

three marches in 1965 that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement. They grew out of the voting rights movement in Selma, Alabama, launched by local African-Americans who formed the Dallas County Voters League (DCVL). In 1963, the DCVL and organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began voter-registration work. When white resistance to Black voter registration proved intractable, the DCVL requested the assistance of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, who brought many prominent civil rights and civic leaders to support voting rights; a group of volunteers who wanted to gain votes by marching. "bloody sunday" was the first march that resulted in 600 black marchers getting beaten and tear gassed by police. Second march is on following tuesday and brings much more people, yet they're turned around again. the third march involved the protection of the blacks by the US army.

federal law that increased government supervision of local election practices, suspended the use of literacy tests to prevent people (usually African Americans) from voting, and expanded government efforts to register voters.

1968

an african-american man who converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965; spread ideas of black nationalism. disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement; encouraged violence and wanted separate black communites

This series of violent uprisings in Los Angeles occurred in 1965 in an African-American ghetto and left more than 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. The race-related violence lasted for a week and was only the first of similar events that occurred during that era. The violence came following slow progress in civil rights legislation and the assassination of several civil rights leaders.