Chapter 21 AP World History Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Aurangzeb
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Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.
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Battle of Lepanto
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A naval battle fought between a Spanish and Venetian fleet and the German navy. The Spanish won. The battle meant that European navies and surpassed the Muslims. The Turks could no longer challenge Europeans on international routes.
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Suleyman the Magnificent
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Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challenged Christian vessels throughout the Mediterranean. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.
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Marattas
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Western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century and contributed to its downfall mainly because of Aurangzeb's draconian religious policies.
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Mehmed II
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Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. Made new city which was opened to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds, called it Istanbul.
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Red Heads
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Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear.
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Gunpowder Empires
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Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannons and gunpowder to advance their military causes.
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Sail al-Din
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Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty.
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Jahangir
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Son of Akbar he was the "Grasper of the World." He married the Persian princess Nur Jahan, who really controlled the state affairs because he was a weak ruler. He was overthrown by his son Khusrau.
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Abu Taleb
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The head of the Bani Hashim clan and the uncle of Muhammed; raised and supported Muhammad against the heads of Quoraysh when he started his mission as prophet.
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Sikhs
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Nonviolent religous group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism.
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Janissaries
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Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan.
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Isma'il
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Founder of Shi'a Islam known as religious tyrant who killed any citizen who didn't convert.
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Shah Abbas the Great
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(ruled 1588-1629)He incouraged trade with other nations, and increased the use of gunpowder weapons. He Revitalized the Safavid empire.
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Vizier
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A high official in a Muslim government (especially in the Ottoman Empire).
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Babur
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Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. First sultan.
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Taj Mahal
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beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife. Built as a tomb.
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Isfahan
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Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture.
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Purdah
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A screen used in India to separate women from men or strangers; segregated men and women.
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Padishah
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Safavid term used for king of kings. Derived from ancient Persian empires.
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Chaldiran
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Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state.
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Imams
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Spiritual leaders of Shi'ah Islam, said to be direct descendents of Muhammad.
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Safavid Dynasty
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Founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722; family originated in Sufi mystic group.
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Akbar
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Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.
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Nur Jahan
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The wife of Jahangir who did most of the ruling, most powerful ruler in Indian History.
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Shah Jahan
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Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)
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Ottomans
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Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world.
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Abbas II
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Safavid emperor, 17th C. A.D.; converted people to Shiism.
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Selim
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Third Son of Suleyman, an incompetent and bad ruler. Saleyman the Lawgiver had killed his ablest son and drove another into exile. This set the pattern for later sultans to gain and hold power. It became customary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled. and their sons held prisoner in the harem. This practice produced a long line of weak sultans who eventually brought ruin on the empire.
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Mullahs
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Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism.
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Mughal Dynasty
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Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century.
