question

What was the effect of Germany's arrival as a new powerful player on the international scene?

answer

It was disruptive to the established order

question

What was the popular attitude in Europe toward the prospect of war in the summer of 1914?

answer

Widespread enthusiasm for war

question

What impact did Europe's colonial empires have on the conduct of World War I?

answer

The war drew in laborers and soldiers from the colonies

question

What term best describes the predominant style of warfare in World War I?

answer

Trench warfare

question

What was the reaction of many European intellectuals to the experience of World War I?

answer

Profound disillusionment with European civilization

question

Which of the following seriously weakened Wilson's idea of a League of Nations?

answer

The failure of the U.S. Senate to ratify the League

question

Which of the following was NOT a factor in causing the Great Depression?

answer

Government interference in market economies

question

The "Axis" nations were united by their opposition to what international movement?

answer

Communism

question

Benito Mussolini's fascist movement came to power promising an alternative to what?

answer

Both democratic rule and communism

question

What was meant by the term "corporate state," used to describe fascist Italy?

answer

Business and labor were to be unified within the state.

question

What myth arose in Germany in the 1920s to explain why Germany lost the First World War?

answer

Socialists, Jews, and liberals in Germany had betrayed the nation.

question

How did Adolf Hitler and the Nazis view modern urban life?

answer

As a Jewish conspiracy to corrupt traditional German values

question

Which Enlightenment values did the Nazis draw upon in their ideology?

answer

Science and human perfectibility

question

How did Japanese nationalists differentiate Japanese society from Western society?

answer

They believed that the Japanese were more loyal to their ruler than westerners were to their own rulers.

question

In what way was nationalist Japan most similar to fascist Italy and Nazi Germany?

answer

Aggressive ambition for conquest and empire building

question

What was the real reason that the Japanese began invading French, British, Dutch, and American territories in Southeast Asia and the Pacific?

answer

To gain control of Asia's resources and end Japan's dependence on the West

question

Which of the following best describes the attitude of Japanese leaders toward their decision to bomb Pearl Harbor and thus start a war with the United States?

answer

They were regretful, for they knew that they stood only a small chance against the mighty United States, though they saw no other way to maintain power in the Pacific.

question

Which of the following events of the Second World War is NOT an example of the term "total war"?

answer

The bombing of Pearl Harbor

question

What impact did World War II ultimately have on communism?

answer

It gave communism legitimacy in the Soviet Union and control over half of Europe and much of Asia.

question

What happened to European economies after the United States began its Marshall Plan in 1948?

answer

Europe saw massive economic growth and widespread prosperity.

question

How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks take power in 1917?

answer

Through an overnight coup in the capital

question

How did the Chinese Communist Party adapt its ideology and strategy during its long struggle to power?

answer

It focused on creating peasant communism and conducting rural guerrilla warfare.

question

Which of the following was NOT a way in which the Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong gained the widespread support of the peasantry?

answer

By promising an end to the rural way of life

question

Which of the following best describes the initial policies of the Soviet and Chinese communist parties toward women after taking power?

answer

They achieved far-reaching freedom for women

question

How did the Bolshevik efforts at land redistribution compare with Chinese Communist efforts at land redistribution?

answer

The Bolsheviks found the task much easier than the Chinese Communists.

question

What happened to communist commitment to social and gender equality in Stalin's Soviet Union?

answer

Those values were often set aside in favor of industrial development and state power.

question

Who among the following was NOT a victim of the Terror or Great Purges that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s?

answer

Stalin himself

question

What was the end result of Mao's two great campaigns, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution?

answer

The death and ruination of tens of millions and the widespread discrediting of communism

question

Why did the U.S. military intervene so massively in Vietnam in the 1960s?

answer

The United States feared a communist victory in Vietnam would lead to communist expansion to the rest of Asia and beyond.

question

Why did the Soviet Union so greatly value the communist regime in Cuba?

answer

Cuba was the first country in which communism triumphed without the help of the Soviet Army.

question

How did the cold war impact many third-world countries?

answer

Both the United States and the Soviet Union attempted to secure the allegiance of third-world countries with military and economic aid.

question

What helped sustain the immense military effort involved in the U.S. campaign to check the spread of communism?

answer

A booming consumer economy

question

Why did the Soviet Union invade Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, and threaten to invade Poland in 1980, if those countries were supposedly its allies?

answer

To crush reformist movements that the Soviets feared would spread throughout the communist bloc

question

Which of the following was NOT a conflict that developed between communist countries?

answer

The Soviet Union vs. North Korea

question

What characterized the main economic failure of communism?

answer

Inability to match the West in the quality and availability of consumer goods

question

What was the result of the reforms instituted by Deng Xiaoping as leader of the Chinese Communist Party after Mao Zedong's death?

answer

Stunning economic growth along mostly capitalist models

question

What was the immediate or initial impact of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost?

answer

Many dark truths about life in the Soviet Union were brought to light for the first time.

question

What was the impact of glasnost on the Soviet allies in Eastern Europe?

answer

It sparked massive demonstrations that swept away communism in Eastern Europe.

question

Which of the following best describes why Gorbachev's reforms led to the total collapse of the Soviet Union and communism?

answer

Gorbachev opened a "Pandora's box" of demands for change that the Soviet system could not handle.

question

Of the communist regimes that came to power in North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Cuba, and Afghanistan, which had achieved the level of industrialization that Karl Marx believed was necessary for communism?

answer

None of them

question

How was the dissolution of European empires different from the dissolution of previous empires in world history?

answer

It generated a mass of new nation-states.

question

What was the "fatal flaw" of European colonialism?

answer

The double standard of freedom and sovereignty for European states but not for their colonies

question

Which of the following social groups in the colonies did NOT stand to benefit from national independence for African and Asian colonies?

answer

white landowners

question

Which of the following best characterizes the initial aims of the Indian National Congress (INC)?

answer

Gaining positions of influence in British India to protect Indian interests

question

Which of the following best represents Gandhi's philosophy of satyagraha (truth force)?

answer

Confronting the British Empire nonviolently and suffering the consequences without surrendering one's ideals

question

What was Gandhi's attitude toward the prospect of a modern industrial future for India?

answer

He was opposed to it.

question

What was the most serious split that formed within the Indian independence movement?

answer

Between Muslims and Hindus

question

What best describes the experience of India's partition into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India after independence in 1947?

answer

It was horrendously violent and traumatic.

question

Why did white rule last almost 50 years longer in South Africa than it did in India (until 1994 versus 1947)?

answer

A sizable and powerful community of permanent white settlers controlled South Africa, while India lacked such a community.

question

What kind of external pressure was put on South Africa's white leadership to end apartheid and allow blacks to vote and have equal rights?

answer

Sporting events, entertainers, and many large businesses boycotted South Africa, isolating it culturally and economically from much of the world.

question

What was the fate of many of the political parties that had led the movements for independence in Africa after independence was achieved?

answer

Most were soon swept away by military coups.

question

Which of the following is NOT an explanation offered by historians and scholars as to why democracy failed in so many African countries after independence?

answer

Those countries lacked natural resources.

question

Why did many of the military regimes in Africa give way to a resurgence of Western-style democracy between 1980 and 2008?

answer

Most of the military governments also failed on their promise to bring about prosperity and peace.

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason that most developing nations in the last decade of the twentieth century abandoned the state-run approach to building up their economies in favor of a privatized, free-market approach?

answer

The clearly demonstrated benefits for the poorest segments of these countries

question

Which group of developing countries have been the most successful in stimulating economic growth and industrialization?

answer

East Asian countries

question

How did Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, view the role of Islam in the state?

answer

He saw the public or political role of Islam as an obstacle to modernizing Turkey

question

In what way did Atatürk's modern Turkey show clear continuity with the past Ottoman Empire?

answer

Modern Turkey remained for the most part a dictatorship with little political freedom.

question

What effect did Westernizing influences under the shah of Iran have?

answer

It provoked an intense backlash leading to the Islamic revolution in 1979

question

Which of the following was NOT part of the transformation of Iran enforced by the new Islamic rulers?

answer

Reverting back to a traditional economy

question

What happened to living standards across most of Africa between 1980 and 2000?

answer

They fell.

question

How did Bretton Woods lay the foundation for globalization?

answer

By creating a set of agreements and institutions to promote free trade

question

How did the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank advance neo-liberal economics?

answer

By loaning money to developing nations that agreed to privatize state-run companies, lowered protectionist tariffs, and cut taxes

question

Which of the following is NOT a way in which money has become internationally mobile?

answer

An international checking system

question

The sporting goods company Nike is a good example of globalization because in one five-year period it closed twenty factories and opened another thirty-five in countries all over the world. Why did Nike move these factories?

answer

Nike moved its factories to wherever the labor costs were the lowest and the environmental and health regulations the most lenient.

question

Which of the following best describes the massive increase in international migration of the world's peoples during the era of globalization?

answer

It has allowed many to find work and shelter, but it has also victimized others in new ways.

question

How did globalization affect those within wealthy nations, especially the United States?

answer

It caused millions of Americans to lose their well-paying jobs, while millions of others have become wealthy.

question

What did the Seattle protesters of 1999 mean by their slogan "No globalization without representation"?

answer

Globalization was a process managed by large corporations that was not meant to benefit ordinary people and in which ordinary citizens of the affected countries had no say.

question

Which of the following best describes the "American Empire" of the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century?

answer

A nonterritorial empire of economic, military, and cultural power

question

Which of the following best describes the appeal of the South American revolutionary Che Guevara to people in both the first and the third world?

answer

He represented an alternative to the materialism of the West and the industrial totalitarianism of the Soviet world.

question

How did women's liberation feminists differ from equal rights feminists?

answer

Women's liberation feminists wanted to challenge societal and cultural patriarchy through direct action; equal rights feminists preferred political lobbying and corrective legislation.

question

Why did African feminists resent American and European feminists opposition to traditional African cultural practices such as polygamy and female circumcision?

answer

Western feminists could easily begin to sound like colonial missionaries and rulers.

question

Which of the following best describes the response of global fundamentalism to modernity?

answer

A selective rejection of modernity to create an alternative, more religious modernity

question

Which of the following best describes the term "jihad" as intended by the original founders of Islam?

answer

Struggle to please God

question

Which best characterizes the strategies pursued by Islamic fundamentalist groups for achieving their political aims?

answer

Most attempted to gain power through elections and placing members in influential government and social positions, but some sought violent revolutions.

question

Why did Osama bin Laden and the leaders of al-Qaeda come to declare the United States as their enemy?

answer

They objected to the American military presence in Saudi Arabia after the first Gulf War

question

In what way has mainstream Christianity responded to the effects of globalization?

answer

By addressing the moral and ethical problems of social justice, human rights, and the suffering of the poor throughout the world

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major ways in which the earth's environment has been radically impacted by the changes of the last half-century?

answer

Exorbitant prices of fossil fuels

question

What was a major difference between Western environmental movements and environmentalists in developing countries?

answer

Western environmentalists were more concerned with issues of pollution and limiting growth; environmentalists in developing countries were more concerned with issues of food security and social justice.

question

What was the world's reaction to the United States' refusal to sign on to the Kyoto protocol?

answer

Anger

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