Chapter 20 Medical Terminology – Cancer – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Benign
answer
Slow growth, expansion, remains localized, well differentiated
question
Malignant
answer
Rapid growth, infiltration, metastasis by bloodstream and lymphatics, poorly differentiated
question
Polyp, papilloma
answer
Any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium
question
Root word + oma (suffix)
answer
A benign tumor; root word designates primary tissue of origin
question
Carcinoma
answer
Malignant tumor arising from surface, glandular, or parenchymal epithelium (but not endothelium or mesothelium)
question
Sarcoma
answer
Malignant tumor of any primary tissue other than surface, glandular, and parenchymal epithelium
question
Leukemia
answer
Neoplasm of blood cells
question
aden/o
answer
Gland
question
angi/o
answer
Vessels (type not specified)
question
chondr/o
answer
Cartilage
question
fibr/o
answer
Fibrous tissue
question
hemangi/o
answer
Blood vessels
question
lymphangi/o
answer
Lymph vessels
question
lip/o
answer
Fat
question
my/o
answer
Muscle
question
neur/o
answer
Nerve
question
oste/o
answer
Bone
question
Lymphoid tumors
answer
All neoplasms of lymphoid tissue are called lymphomas and are malginant: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
question
Skin tumors
answer
Pigment-producing cells of the epidermis
question
Teratoma tumors (of mixed components)
answer
Derived from cells that have the potential to differentiate into different types of tissue (bone, muscle, glands, epithelium, brain tissue, hair) and may be either benign or malignant
question
Embryonic tumors
answer
Derived from persisting groups of embryonic cells of the brain, retina, adrenal gland, kidney, liver, or genital tract; named from the site of origin, with the suffix "-blastoma" added
question
Noninfiltrating (in situ) carcinoma
answer
Noninfiltrating tumors are common in many locations, including the breast, cervis, colon, skin, and urinary tract
question
Precancerous conditions
answer
Refers to conditions that have a high likelihood of developing into cancer
question
Aspirate
answer
Withdrawal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst
question
Biopsy
answer
Removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope
question
Scope
answer
A procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted into the body part being examined and a tissue sample (biopsy) is taken to examine under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present
question
Bronchoscopy
answer
Scope inserted through the nose or mouth to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi, and lung
question
Colonoscopy
answer
Scope inserted into the rectum to examine the colon
question
Cystoscopy
answer
Scope inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder
question
Laryngoscopy
answer
Examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy)
question
Sigmoidoscopy
answer
Scope inserted into the sigmoid part of the colon; also called proctosigmoidoscopy
question
Tumor markers
answer
Obtained from blood sample
question
Acid phosphatase
answer
For cancer of the prostate
question
AFP
answer
For hepatocellular carcinoma germ cell tumors
question
CA 19-9
answer
For cancers of the pancreas, colon, cervix, and ovary
question
CA 125
answer
For epithelial ovarian cancer
question
CEA
answer
For cancers of the pancreas, colon, breast, lung, stomach, ovary
question
HCG/AFP
answer
For malignant germ cell tumors originating from ovaries or sperm; ovarian or uterine cancer in women and testicular cancer in men
question
Monoclonal immunoglobins
answer
For multiple myeloma
question
PSA
answer
For cancer of the prostate
question
Imaging
answer
X-ray or computerized view with or without a contrast dye or radioactive substance
question
Barium enema
answer
For cancer of the colon
question
Computed axial tomography (CAT, CT, ACTA)
answer
For cross-section images of internal structures
question
Intravenous pyelogram or intravenous pyelography (IVP)
answer
For cancer of the kindeys, ureters, and bladder
question
Lymphangiography
answer
For lymph node involvement, especially Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, cancer of testes
question
Radionuclide scan
answer
For showing function and size of specific organ (brain, bone, liver, spleen, kidney)
question
Ultrasound
answer
For visualizing structural changes, mass (stomach, pancreas, kidney, uterus, ovary)
question
Microscopic examination
answer
Obtained from a tissue sample
question
Bone-marrow aspirate
answer
For tumor involvement, especially by leukemia or lymphoma
question
Estrogen/progesterone receptors
answer
For cancer of the breast
question
Pap smear
answer
For cancer of the cervix or uterus
question
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
answer
For tumor metastasis, for example, breast cancer
question
Sputum cytology
answer
Bronchogenic cancer
question
Stool guaiac
answer
For cancer of the colon/rectum
question
Biological
answer
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease
question
Autologous bone marrow transplantation
answer
A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment
question
BCG vaccine
answer
An anticancer drug, bacille calmette-Guerin, that activates the immune system
question
Colony-stimulating factors
answer
Substances that stimulate the production of blood cells; granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF)
question
Peripheral stem cell transplantation
answer
Replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and produce healthy blood cells. Sources of stem cells are bone marrow and are allogeneic, autologous, or syngeneic
question
Allogeneic
answer
Stem cells donated by someone else
question
Autologous
answer
Stem cells removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person following intensive treatment
question
Syngeneic
answer
Stem cells donated by an identical twin
question
Chemotherapy
answer
Treatment with anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells by stopping them from growing or multiplying
question
Radiation therapy
answer
Radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
question
External (chemotherapy)
answer
Uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer
question
Internal (chemotherapy)
answer
Given internally by placing radioactive material that is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters directly into or near the tumor
question
Systemic radiation therapy (chemotherapy)
answer
Giving a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body
question
Surgery
answer
A procedure to remove a part of the body because of the presence of cancer
question
Cystectomy
answer
Surgical removal of the bladder
question
Cryosurgery
answer
Treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues
question
Fulguration
answer
Destroying tissue using an electric current
question
Hysterectomy
answer
Surgical removal of the uterus
question
Laryngectomy
answer
An operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box)
question
Laser (surgary)
answer
A device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. It is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes
question
Lumpectomy
answer
Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it
question
Mastectomy
answer
Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible)
question
Modified radial mastectomy
answer
Surgical procedure in which the breast, some of the lymph nodes in the armpit, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed
question
Orchiectomy
answer
Surgical removal of one or both testicles
question
Pneumonectomy
answer
Surgical removal of an entire lung
question
Prostatectomy
answer
Surgical removal of part or all of the prostate
question
Salpingo-oophorectomy
answer
Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries
question
Hormone therapy
answer
Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones; also called endocrine therapy
question
Antiandrogens
answer
Drugs used to block the production or interfere with the action of male sex hormones
question
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
answer
A substance that closely resembles luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), which controls the secretion of sex hormones; given to decrease secretion of sex hormones
question
Palliative
answer
Cytoreduction; oncologic emergencies; neurosurgical procedures/pain control; nutritional support
question
Prophylactic
answer
Excision of premalignant lesions
question
Primary/definitive
answer
Local excision; en bloc dissection
question
Rehabilitative
answer
Cosmetic and functional restoration
question
Resection of metastases
answer
Lung;liver
question
Supportive
answer
Insertion of access devices such as a porta catheter for infusion of drugs for chemotherapy; radiation implants
question
Adenocarcinoma
answer
Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs
question
Atypical hyperplasia
answer
Benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells have abnormal features and are increased in number
question
Benign
answer
Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body
question
Cancer
answer
A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control; can invade nearby tissues and spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body
question
Carcinogen
answer
Any substance that causes cancer
question
Carcinoma
answer
Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs
question
Cyst
answer
A sac or capsule filled with fluid
question
Ductal carcinoma in situ
answer
Abnormal cells that involve only the lining of a duct; cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast
question
Epidermoid carcinoma
answer
A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales; also called squamous cell carcinoma
question
Familial polyposis
answer
An inherited condition in which numberous polyps (tissue masses) develop on the inside walls of the colon and rectum; increases the risk for colon cancer
question
Fibroid
answer
A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract; also called leiomyoma
question
Hyperplasia
answer
An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
question
Large cell carcinomas
answer
A group of lung cancers in which cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope
question
Lobular carcinoma in situ
answer
Abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast; this condition seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in either breast
question
Malignant
answer
Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body
question
Nonsmall cell lung cancer
answer
A group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma
question
Oat cell cancer
answer
A type of lung cancer in which the cells look like oats when viewed under a microscope; also called small cell lung cancer
question
Polyp
answer
A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane
question
Sarcoma
answer
A cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue
question
Small cell lung cancer
answer
A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope; also called oat cell lung cancer
question
Squaous cell carcinoma
answer
Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales; squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts; also called epidermoid carcinoma
question
Tumor
answer
An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division; tumors may be either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous)
