Chapter 2: The self in a social world – Flashcards
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Define Spotlight Effect
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the belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are
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Define illusion of transparency
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the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can easily be read by others
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Identify 4 aspects of the self
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- self-concept (who am i) - self- knowledge (explain self) - self-esteem (sense of self worth) - social self (social roles)
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Define self-schema
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- beliefs about self that organize the processing of self-relevant info -
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Define collectivism
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giving priority to the goals of one's groups and defining one's identity accordingly
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Define interdependent self
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construing one's identity in relation to others.
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Define Planning fallacy
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the tendency to under-estimate how long it will take to complete a task
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Define impact bias
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overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
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Define immune neglect
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the human tendency to underestimate the speed and strength of the "psychological immune system," which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.
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Define Dual attitudes
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- differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object - verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
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Define self-esteem
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a person's overall self evaluation or sense of self-worth *narcism and self-esteem interact to influence aggression
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Define self-efficacy
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a sense that one is competent an effective *a bombardier might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem
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Define locus of control
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the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by change or outside forces
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Define learned helplessness
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the sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
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Define self-serving bias
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- explanation for positive and negative events - the tendency to perceive oneself favorably
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Define self-serving attributions
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a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
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Define defensive pessimism
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the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action
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false consensus effect
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the tendency to overestimate commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
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false uniqueness effect
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the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors
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group-serving bias
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explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behavior to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)
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self-handicapping
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protecting one's self image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
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self-presentation
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the act of expressing or behaving in a particular way in order to present oneself to a certain level of ideals
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self-monitoring
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being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression
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Explain James (1890) levels of the empirical self (in order of importance)
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1. spiritual self (inner self- personal perceived abilities, attitude, emotions, etc.) 2. social self (stats, background, role) 3. material self (body and extended self) *most damage=no recognition
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Describe the 8 contemporary components of the self-concept
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1. interpersonal attributes (daughter) 2. ascribed characteristics (female, 19) 3. interests/activities (photography) 4. self-determination (educational goals) 5. existential aspects (friendly, kind) 6. internalized beliefs (democrat, feminist) 7. self-awareness (good person) 8. social differentiation (idahoan, come from small, lower class family)
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Name a few of the aspects that relate development of the social self
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-the roles we play - social identities - social comparison - success/failure experience - other people's judgements - self and culture
