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Research Question

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- refined from a process of identical ion of a general idea of interest to the definition of more specific circumscribed topic - research question can be used instead of the hypotheses * exploratory * descriptive * qual research studies - purpose us to provide information about the intent of the research question / hypotheses - suggest the level of evidence to be obtained from that study - beginning of research article - embedded in the * purpose * Aims * Goals result section of research report -

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Research problem Statement

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- gap in knowledge - need in patient care - something wrong with current care- lil is known - conflict

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Critiquing the Hypotheses

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-strength and the weakness -either implied or clearly stated -clearly delineated * hypotheses section, - after literature review - theoretical framework -implied in the results or discussion Infer the hypothesis from the purpose Type the analysis used

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Presented hypotheses

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-data analysis should directly answer it

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Hypotheses

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- consistent with literature review and theoretical framework - can legitimately be nondirectional - preferred that the author mention the direction if the relationship between the variables in the hypotheses - foundational elements of the study

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Nondirectional hypotheses

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- appropriate if there is lack of data available for literature review - the researcher had chosen to study relatively undefined area of interest

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Preliminary literature review

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- reveals relayed factors that appear critical to the research topic -literature review helps to further define the research question -significance of the research question must be identified In terms of its potential contribution Patients Nurses Medical community Society

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Applicability

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- applicability of the question for nursing practice - theoretical relevance must be established -findings should have potential for altering nursing practice or policies

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Feasibility

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- research question - must be examined, in the light of pragmatic considerations - availability of subjects Money Facilities Equipment Experience of the research -

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Testability

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- Central to the soundness of hypothesis - criteria * stated in such a way that it can be clearly supported or not supported - never proven through hypotheses testing - grave reservation for researchers who claim that the data have proven the validity of their hypothesis - best findings that support the hypotheses are tentative - if repeated replication yield the same results p, more confidence placed on the conclusion advanced by researchers

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Objectivity and testability

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- quantifiable words such as less than , * increase * decrease * positively * negatively *or related convey the idea of objectivity and testability - Be suspicious of hypotheses that are not step bjectively

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Final Research Question

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Consist of a statement about relationship of two or more variable - clearly identifies relation between dependent and independent variables -specifies the nature of the population being studied -implies the possibility of the empirical testing

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Hypothesis

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- is a declarative statement about the relationship two or more variables gat predicts an expected outcome. -characteristics. Relationship statement Implications Regarding testability Consistency with theory base - can be formulated in a directional or none directional -can be categorized as research hypotheses or statistical hypotheses - provide information about the intent of the hypothesis. - provide the level of information that will be obtain from that study findings

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Focused Clinical question

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Arise from the clinical practice - guide the literature search for the best available evidence to answer the question

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Key preliminary steps of the research process

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Formulation of the research question and the hypothesis

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Purpose

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- provide information about the intent of the hypothesis or research question - provide the level if information that will be obtained from the findings

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Critiquirer

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-assess Clarity For specificity of the Population Implications of testability

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How wording suggest Research design

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-wording or phrasing will suggest the *design that will be *Level of evidence to be derived from the findings appropriate for the study Example * hypothesis proposes treatment X will have a greater effect on Y than X2 * experiment design Level II evidence * Quasi- experimental design (Level III ) is suggested c8 If hypotheses proposes there will be a positive relationship between variable X and Y * nonexperimental design (Level VI) is suggested c9

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Clinical question

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- ,clinical question guides to search for the best available evidence

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InDependent variables

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Causes the dependent variable to occur Disappear Increase Decrease Never occur in Correlational hypotheses Correlational hypotheses examines association not causation

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Hypotheses

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- attempts to answer the research question - intelligent hunches - intelligent guesses - predictions Help researchers seek solutions if answer a research question - vehicle for testing validity of theoretical frameworks assumptions - bridge between theory and real world c4 Theory * interrelated concepts * definitions * propositions

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Research question

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Usually generated by situation emerge from practice - key preliminary step of the research process - sometimes called problem statement - present idea to be examined in the study -foundation of research study - hypotheses attempts to answer the research question

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Applied research

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Tests the practical limits of descriptive theories

Chapter 2 Research questions, Hypothesis, Clinical questions – Flashcards

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