Chapter 2: Looking Back, A History of Occupational Therapy – Flashcards
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what happened in late 1700s and early 1800s
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people began to realize that social structures lead to vast inequities
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what is Moral Treatment
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grounded in the philosophy that all people, even the most challenged, are entitled to consideration and human compassion
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who conceived the the Moral Treatment Movement
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Philippe Pinel and William Tuke
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what did Philippe Pinel do
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French. introduced "work treatment" for the "insane" in the late 1700s. used occupation to divert the patients' minds away from their emotional disturbances and toward improving their skills. used physical exercise, work, music, and lit in his treatment
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what did William Tuke do
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an English Quaker aware of awful conditions in the asylum at York, he established something called a retreat. no shackles or drugs. people were treated with kindness and consideration
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who was the first doctor in the U.S. to use Moral Treatment
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Benjamin Rush
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early 20 cent begging of OT who led the Arts and Crafts Movement and from which country were they
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John Ruskin and William Morris England
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John Ruskin William Morris
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English Author, poet, artist, art critic. English poet, designer, socialist reformer.
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what is the Arts and Crafts Movement
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proponents of this movement were opposed to the production of items by machine, believing that this alienated people from nature and their own creativity. They sought to restore the ties btwn beautiful work and the worker by returning to high standards of design and craftsmanship not found in mass-produced items. They believed using one's hands to make items connected people to their work, physically and mentally, and thus was healthier
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what did people begin to realize at the turn of the 20th century
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the idea that a handicapped person is still productive
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the founders of occupational therapy had backgrounds in what areas
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psychiatry, medicine, architecture, nursing, arts and crafts, rehab, teaching, social work
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what were some of the various names of occupational therapy during its time of development
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erogtherapy, activity therapy, occupation treatment, moral treatment, the work cure.
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who coined occupation therapy
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William Rush Dunton
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who recommended that occupation therapy be changed to occupational therapy
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George Barton
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who is Herbert Hall
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-adapted the arts and crafts movement for medical purposes -a physician from Harvard -worked with invalid patients, providing medical supervision of crafts for the purpose of improving their health and financial independence -1904 established a facility in Marbel Head Massachusetts for patients with neurasthenia they used arts & crafts part of treatment. -Neurasthenia: causes weakness performing activities. treatment at time was total rest. -presented an alternative to the "rest cure" and called it the "work cure" Activities gradually off the bed. -not present at the founding meeting
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who is George Edward Barton
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-architect -incorporated Boston Society of Arts and Crafts - tuberculois, foot amputation, and paralysis on left side of his body - b/c he was disabled, he was determined to improve the plight of convalescent individuals -Opened 'house' for patients convalescing and used occupation as a method of treatment.
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who is Dr. William Rush Dunton
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-considered the father of occupational therapy -psychiatrist -Patients were expected to actively participate in their rehab by working in the workshop. -Wrote on the value of occupation for treatment. -1915 publication OT: A manual for Nurses
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who is Eleanor Clarke Slagle
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-often referred to as the mother of occupational therapy -social worker -created something called habit training -Lectureship award in her honor
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what is habit training
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reeducation program designed to overcome disorganized habits, to modify other habits, and to construct new ones, with the goal of restoring and maintaining health
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who is Susan Tracy
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-nursing instructor involved in the Arts and Crafts movement, Trained nurses to use occupation. -supervised nursing school, developed occupation program, and conducted post graduate courses for nurses. -believed only nurses were qualified to practice occupation. -her book, Studies in Invalid Occupations, is the first-known book written on OT
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who is Susan Cox Johnson
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-designer and arts and crafts teacher from Berkeley -Sought to demonstrate that occupation could be morally uplifting and improve the mental and physical state of patients and that these patients could contribute to their self-support. -Taught OT
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who was Thomas Kidner
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-Architect -Friend and teacher of George Barton (Canadian architect) -established OTs presence in vocational rehab and tuberculosis treatment -appointed Voc Rehab for disabled Canadian Vets from WW I -Constructed institutions for individuals with disabilities
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National society for the promotion of OT
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-Formal Birth -meeting to talk about OT -set of principals was developed
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who is Adolf Meyer
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-Swiss Physician -Provided philosophical base for the profession -Holistic perspective and developed the psychobiological approach to mental illness. -developed Key note - not present in first meeting
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when is the formal "birth" of the profession of occupational therapy - what's the date and name of event -where was it located -who was in attendance
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-March 15, 1917 -the Certificate of Incorporation of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (first meeting) -Clifton Springs, New York -George Barton William Dunton Eleanor Clark Slagle Susan Cox Johnson Thomas Kidner Isabel Newton (Barton's Secretary)
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what was the official object of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy
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to study and advance curative occupations for invalids and convalescents; to gather news of progress in occupational therapy and to use such knowledge to the common good; to encourage original research, to promote cooperation among occupational therapy socieites
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when was the first ANNUAL meeting of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy
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September 1917
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when were a set of principles crafted for the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy -who presented them
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Dunton second annual meeting of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy
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explain the holistic approach as conceived by Adolf Meyer
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each individual should be seen as a complete and unified whole, not merely a series of parts or problems to be managed. He maintained that involvement in meaningful activity was a distinct human characteristic and believed that providing an individual with the opportunity to participate in purposeful activity promoted health
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how did World War I and the creation of reconstruction aids serve to influence the profession
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the army instituted a reconstruction program to rehabilitate soldiers who had been injured in the war so that they could either return to active military duty or be employed in a civilian job. -program under orthopedic professionals =Occ therapy aids were civilian women no ranking used arts and crafts =Physiotherapy aids used tech as massage, exercise worked primary w orthopedic -reconstruction aides were sent to France and had a beneficial effect on hospitalized soldiers suffering from shell shock -Susan coz felt the training had been rushed was concerned about the knowledge from the new OT
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describe OT from the end of WWI through the 1930s
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Soldier's Rehabilitation Act (1918) (Smith-Sears)- established a program of vocational rehabilitation for soldiers disabled on active duty - Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act (1920) (Smith-Fess) - provided federal funds to states on a 50-50 matching basis to provide vocational rehab services to civilians with physical disabilities (to be eligible, applicants had to be unable b/c of their disability to engage successfully in gainful employment -promoted OT service for (vocational rehab)treating and caring for patients with tuberculosis (Thomas Kidner) -the Great Depression slowed the development of OT
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when did the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy become the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA)
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1921
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when were standards for occupational therapy education first instituted
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1923 - "Minimum Standards for Courses of Training in Occupational Therapy" -prereqs for admission, length of courses, and content of courses -AOTA endorsed school that met the standards -1 yr was 8-9 months of medical and crafts training and 3-4 months clinical work in hospitals
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in what year did the AOTA decide to establish a national registry that identified practitioners who graduated from schools that the association endorsed
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1929 it wasn't established until 1931
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American medical Association (AMA)
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-got inspection and accreditation of the PT schools. -5 schools accreditation thought 1994 -After was said OT should be responsible for accreditation.
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what is the significance of the Post WWI era
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-New dug tech (tranquilizers, antipsychotics)made possible to discharge. Lead to national plan to release clients the national deinstitutionalization plan. -care, and community heath programs were developed . -tech like splinting materials, wheelchairs ect. -rehab movement veteran Administration (vA) hospital employed OT in psychiatric and tuberculosis unit. -Developed physical OT more linked to medical model led to the scientific approach -some physician threatened the holistic approach by using reductionistic views in medicine.
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when was the first OT journal published
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dunton 1922 - became the American Journal of OT in 1947 became A-Jot
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what happened in 1945
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successful completion of an examination became a requirement for registering as an OT practitioner
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describe national deinstitutionalization plan
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b/c of neuroleptic drugs, it became possible to discharge many people, eventually leading to a national plan to release clients. in anticipation of local care needs, community mental health programs were developed new technology wheelchairs ect.
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what is the Hill-Burton Act
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assisted states in determining what hospitals and health care facilities were needed and provided grants to states to construct these facilities. OTs were hired as one type of rehab professional
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what is the rehabilitation movement
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1942-1960 VA hospitals increased in size and number employed OTfor psychiatric and tuberculosis more OTs were working in medical and rehabilitation facilities. less working in psychiatric services
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when was medicare enacted
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1965 - increased demand of OT services
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what is AOTF, when was it founded, and what is its objective
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American Occupational Therapy Foundation 1965 about promoting research
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when did OTAs start practicing (at least officially)
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1958ish (COTA - certified OTA)
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what were some hallmarks of the 1970s-80s
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intro of personal computers substantial increase in drug and alcohol abuse AIDS lack of services to mental health patients so many became homeless (b/c of deinstutionalization)
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describe the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
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1) emphasized priority service for persons with the most severe disabilities and mandated that state agencies establish an order of selection that would place the most severely disabled person first for service 2) every client accepted for services participates in teh service planning process by completing an Individualized Written Rehabilitation Program that specifies their vocational goal 3) called for the development of a set of standards by which the impact of rehab services could be assessed 4) emphasized the need for rehab research 5) included civil rights provisions that gave equal opportunity for people with disabilities
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describe the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
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-establishes the right of all children to a free and appropriate education, regardless of handicapping condition
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what is the Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Act and when was it passed
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1986 makes sure kids 3-5 are also getting their education and initiates new early intervention programs for children from birth to 3 years of age
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what is the Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988
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address the availability of assistive technology devices and services to individuals with disabilities
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what happened in 1983
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-President Reagan implemented the Medicare Prospective Payment System with the Social Security Amendments -this created a nationwide schedule that delineated what the government would pay for each inpatient stay of a Medicare beneficiary -the level of payment is set by descriptive categories according to the individual's diagnosis called diagnosis-related groupings (DRGs) -this shortened the patient length of stay in acute care hospitals and there was an increase use of long-term care facilities and home health services
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who is Dr. Gary Kielhofner
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(1949-2010) Professor who developed the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) -worked with HIV/AIDs patients to reengage in meaningful occupations and experience quality of life
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what is the NBCOT
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National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy -in 1986, AOTA separated professional membership and certification procedures by declaring the association no longer responsible for board certification
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what is the Americans with Disabilities act of 1990 (ADA)
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provides civil rights to all individuals with disabilities. guarantees equal access to and opportunity in employment, transportation, public accommodations, state and local government, telecommunications for individuals with disabilities
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what is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
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(1991) the earlier All Handicapped Children Act renamed requires school districts to educate students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment students with disabilities are to be educated with students without disabilities
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what is the Balanced Budget Act of 1997
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the goal was to reduce Medicare spending, create incentives for the development of managed care plans, encourage enrollment in managed care plans, and limit fee-for-service payment and programs
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when was the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process last revised
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2008
