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Violence

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Aggressive behaviors that produce injuries and can result in death.

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Intentional injuries

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Injury, death, or psychological harm, inflicted with the intent to harm.

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Unintentional injuries

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Injury, death, or psychological harm caused unintentionally or without premeditation.

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Violence in the United States

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Violent crimes involve force or threat of force and include four offenses: - Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter - Forcible rape - Robbery - Aggravated assault

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Violence on U.S. Campuses

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- Relationship violence is one of the most prevalent problems on college campuses. - Some 10.7 percent of women and 7.1 percent of men report having been emotionally abused in the previous 12 months. - About 2 percent of men and women reported being involved in a physically abusive relationship. - Some 1 percent of men and 2 percent of women report being or having been in a sexually abusive relationship.

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Factors Contributing to Violence

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Poverty, Unemployment, Parental influence Cultural beliefs, Discrimination or oppression Religious beliefs and differences, Political differences Breakdowns in the criminal justice system, Stress, Heavy substance use.

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What Makes Some People Prone to Violence: Anger

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- Anger ranges from slight irritation to rage. - Primary aggression is goal-directed hostile self-assertion that is destructive in nature. - Reactive aggression is more often part of an emotional reaction.

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What Makes Some People Prone to Violence: Substance abuse

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Although linked to violence, research has yet to show that substance abuse causes violence. - Consumption of alcohol by perpetrator, victim, or both may contribute to violence. - Criminals using illegal drugs commit more robberies and assaults.

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Does Violence in the Media Cause Violence in Real Life?

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Americans today-especially children-are exposed to more depictions of violence in the news, movies, music, and games than ever before.

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Interpersonal Violence

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Intentional injury can be classified into three major types: - Interpersonal violence - Collective violence - Self-directed violence

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Homicide

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- Homicide is the fifteenth leading cause of death in the United States. - Most homicides are not random acts of violence: Over half of all homicides occur among people who know one another. - Based on most recent data, rates of homicide were 3 per 100,000 for white males, 32 per 100,000 for blacks, and almost 14 per 100,000 for Hispanic males.

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Hate and Bias-Motivated Crimes

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- According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, an estimated 294,000 violent and property hate crimes occurred in 2012. - Bias-related crime is sometimes referred to as ethno-violence. - Prejudice is an irrational attitude of hostility directed toward an individual. - Discrimination constitutes actions that deny equal treatment or opportunities, often based on prejudice.

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Domestic Violence

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- This term refers to the use of force to control another person and maintain power in the home environment. - It can occur between parent and child, spouses or intimate partners, and siblings or other family members. - The violence may involve emotional abuse, verbal abuse, threats of physical harm, and physical violence.

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Intimate Partner Violence and Women

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- The vast majority of these assaults are perpetrated by men—either men on women, or men on men. - Homicide committed by a current or former intimate partner is the leading cause of death of pregnant women in the United States. - 74 percent of all murder-suicides involve an intimate partner.

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The Cycle of Violence

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1. Tension building 2. Incident and acute battering 3. Remorse/reconciliation - A woman caught in this cycle generally finds it very hard to extricate herself. Most such women need effective outside intervention.

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Causes of Domestic Violence and IPV

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- There is no single reason to explain why people tend to be abusive in relationships. - Alcohol abuse is often associated with such violence, and marital dissatisfaction is also a predictor. - Experts believe that men who engage in violence are more likely than others to suffer from personality disorders.

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Child Abuse and Neglect: Child maltreatment

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Defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.

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Child Abuse and Neglect: Child abuse

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Refers to acts of commission, which are deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child. The abuse may be sexual, psychological, physical, or any combination of these.

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Child Abuse and Neglect: Neglect

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Refers to acts of omission and includes failure to provide for a child's basic needs for food, shelter, clothing, medical care, education, and proper supervision.

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Elder Abuse

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Many elders who are abused fail to report the problem because they are embarrassed to admit that a family member is an abuser.

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Sexual Victimization

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- This term refers to any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another's sexual acts or overtures. - Sexual victimization can run from harassment to stalking, assault, and rape.

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Sexual Victimization cont...

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- Sexual assault and rape - Acquaintance rape - Rape on U.S. campuses - Marital rape - Child sexual abuse - Sexual harassment - Stalking - Emotional and psychological abuse - Social contributors to sexual violence

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Sexual Assault and Rape: Sexual assault

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Is any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without that person's consent.

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Sexual Assault and Rape: Rape

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Is defined as "penetration without the victim's consent."

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Sexual Assault and Rape: Aggravated rape

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Is any rape involving one or multiple attackers, strangers, weapons, or physical beatings.

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Sexual Assault and Rape: Simple rape

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Occurs when the rapist is known to the victim, and does not involve a physical beating or use of a weapon.

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Acquaintance Rape

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- Refers to any rape where the rapist is known to the victim. - It may be in a dating situation or it may occur between two strangers who meet in a bar or other social setting. It is more common in venues where alcohol and drugs are used to numb the senses.

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Rape on U.S. Campuses

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20 percent of undergraduate women have been sexually assaulted one or more times during their undergraduate years.

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Marital Rape

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- Although definitions vary within the United States, marital rape can be any unwanted intercourse or penetration (vaginal, anal, or oral) obtained by force, threat, or when the spouse is unable to consent. - Generally, women under the age of 25 and those from lower socioeconomic groups are at highest risk of marital rape.

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Child Sexual Abuse

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- Sexual abuse of children by adults or older children includes sexually suggestive conversations; inappropriate kissing; touching or petting; oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse; and other kinds of sexual interaction. - 90 percent of child sexual abuse victims know their perpetrator, with nearly 70 percent of children abused by family members, usually an adult male.

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Sexual Harassment

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- Submission to such conduct is a condition of an individual's employment, academic progress, or participation in a university program - Submission to or rejection of such conduct influences an individual's employment, academic or university program decisions, or grades - The sexual harassment interferes with an employee's work or a student's academic career or creates a hostile, offensive environment.

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Sexual Harassment cont...

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- Protecting yourself from sexual harassment requires that you be assertive. - Tell the harasser to stop. - Document the harassment. - Try to make sure that you are never alone in the harasser's presence. - Complain to a higher authority. - Remember that you have not done anything wrong.

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Social Networking Safety

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- Don't post compromising pictures, videos, or other things that you wouldn't want your mother or coworkers to see. - Never meet a stranger in person without bringing along a friend and meeting in public.

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Social Contributors to Sexual Violence: Minimization

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Minimization

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Social Contributors to Sexual Violence: Trivialization

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Because rape is underreported, many people are unaware that they know a rape victim.

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Social Contributors to Sexual Violence: Blaming the victim

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There is still the belief that a scantily clad woman "asks" to be sexually violated.

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Social Contributors to Sexual Violence: Pressure to be macho

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Males are taught that "Big boys don't cry." This might depict men as aggressive and predatory hunters and women as passive prey.

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Social Contributors to Sexual Violence: Male socialization

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"Sowing wild oats" is a rite of passage for men; women are treated as mere sex objects.

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Social Contributors to Sexual Violence: Male misperceptions

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When the media imply that sex is the focus of life, it can lead men to think that women mean yes when they say no.

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Social Contributors to Sexual Violence: Situational factors

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Dates where men make all decisions, pay for everything, and generally have all the control are more likely to end in an aggressive sexual scenario.

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Collective Violence

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Collective violence is violence perpetrated by groups. The two major threats that have recently surfaced are: - Gang violence - Terrorist threats

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How to Avoid Becoming a Victim of Violence: Self-defense against rape

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- Take control. - Speak in a strong voice. - Maintain eye contact. - Remain alert and be confident.

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How to Avoid Becoming a Victim of Violence: Recognize ploys used by attackers

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- Asking for help - Offering of help - Inflicting a guilt trip - Deliberately causing an accident - Claiming authority

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How to Avoid Becoming a Victim of Violence: To prevent an attack

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- Always be vigilant. - Use campus escort services. - Demand a well-lit campus. - Vary your routes. - Don't leave a bar with a friendly stranger. - Let friends and family know where you are going. - Stay close to others. - Keep windows and doors locked.

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What to Do If a Rape Occurs

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- Call 9-1-1. - Do not bathe, shower, clean up, or touch anything the attacker may have touched. - Do not launder or throw away the clothes you were wearing. - Contact the rape assistance hotline. If a friend is raped: - Believe her or him. - Recognize that rape is a violent act. - Encourage the victim to see a doctor as soon as possible. - Encourage the victim to report the crime. - Be understanding. - Recognize that the emotional recovery from rape is a long process. - Encourage her or him to seek counseling.

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Campuswide Responses to Violence

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- Campus law enforcement has the power to enforce laws in the same way as in the general community. - Prevention and early response efforts - Many universities now hire crime prevention and safety specialists.

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Community Strategies for Preventing Violence

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- Teach conflict resolution and coping skills. - Help individuals develop self-esteem and respect. - Enforce policies against discrimination. - Provide family-planning programs. - Increase efforts to identify and help victims of violence. - Improve treatment and support for victims. - Treat psychological as well as physical consequences of violence.

Chapter 18 Violence, HEA-105-001 – Flashcards

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