Chapter 18 mastering environmental science – Flashcards
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Throughout history, all cities have ________.
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drawn resources from surrounding areas by trade, persuasion, or conquest
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What are smaller communities that surround cities called?
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suburbs
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From the 1950s-1990s, many cities experienced a loss in population as people left for the suburbs. Which one of the following is NOT a factor that led to this migration?
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People sought out the better public transportation options present in the suburbs.
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What is true about the importance of location for cities that were founded over 100 years ago versus the cities that are rapidly growing today?
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Older cities were founded along waterways or rail hubs so that goods could be easily transported.
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Which of the following was most influential in shifting the population of developed countries from the farms to the cities?
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industrialization
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Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels and television all have allowed people to ________.
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live in less centralized communities
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One of the things that contribute to sprawl is ________.
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the trend toward increasing land area per capita
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Which of the following would be characteristic of sprawl?
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widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land
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What is sprawl?
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The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.
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Which of the following is the best description of sprawl?
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having the land cover of a city grow much faster than its population
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Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________.
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passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's
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The requirement in Oregon for every metropolitan area to establish an urban growth boundary is intended to ________.
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reduce urban sprawl
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The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use is referred to as ________.
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zoning
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L'Enfant's 1791 Plan of the U.S. capital represented the first ________.
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thorough city planning
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The role of zoning is to ________.
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classify areas for different types of urban development and land use
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What type of specialists have the job of advising policy makers on development, transportation, and parks?
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city planners
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Which of the following follows the philosophy of "building up, not out"?
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smart growth
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Which of the following types of transportation consumes the most energy (in BTU per passenger mile)?
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automobiles
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Which of the following occupations is tasked with designing cities in such a way as to maximize their efficiency, functionality, and beauty?
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city planner
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Which of the following approaches best helps congested cities deal with the problems related to transportation?
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provide access to rail and bus transportation in the inner city or other high-density areas
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Which of the following is true regarding zoning laws?
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they usually encourage sprawl
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[color] According to the graphs, the energy consumption per passenger mile ________.
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is higher for all types of road use than it is for rail use
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Gasoline prices have doubled in a large Midwestern city and may continue to rise in the future. What may happen in this situation?
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B, C, and D
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The new urbanism tries to ________.
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develop walkable communities, with homes and businesses close together
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Of the following, the benefits of green buildings include ________.
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all of them
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People who seek to improve resource sustainability of our cities urge us to ________.
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use renewable energy sources and recycle materials
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The urban heat island effect is caused by ________.
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heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces
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Cities export __________.
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wastes
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Which of the following is a problem that occurs within cities because of the concentrated use of energy in buildings and vehicles and the large amount of dark surfaces that absorb solar energy?
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the urban heat island effect
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Which of the following is a positive effect that cities have on the environment?
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Cities give people places to live with smaller land use.
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Which of the following is NOT something urban- sustainability advocates suggest that cities follow using ecosystem-centered models?
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making recycling a low priority
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[[graphs]]
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Copenhagen As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease. 7:1 No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density. 50% decline
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;graphing
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2018 #'s + rural
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viewpoints
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high density claims percentage of americans equal housing agricultural land supply
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DRAGS
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Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center.
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NYT
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solar china underground took advantage eucalyptus
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Which of the following is the best description of sprawl?
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having the land cover of a city grow much faster than its population
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