Chapter 17 Flashcards
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What was the type of economy in Europe at the end of the seventeenth century?
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agrarian
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How many percent of the people of western Europe drew livelihoods from agriculture?
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80%
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What two places did not have majority of people involved in agriculture?
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Dutch Republic and England
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Were people in eastern Europe more involved in agriculture than western Europe?
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Yes
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What was average number of bushels of grain were available to harvest from time wheat seed sown?
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five or six
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What were years of famine caused by, which resulted in deaths?
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poor climatic conditions
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How much material abundance was there in Middle Ages?
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Not much, but sustained large numbers of people
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What is open-field system?
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Land is divided into several large fields and were open. They were then cut in long, narrow strips.
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What did peasants do in field?
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plow, sow, harvest the land
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What was a problem in the Middle Ages in the field?
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soil exhaustion
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What is soil exhaustion?
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insufficient nitrogen in the soil
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How did people solve soil exhaustion before eighteenth century?
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They lie fallow, which are like clover or grasses, since manure for fertilizer was limited.
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What was the rotation of crops in early Middle Ages like?
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A year of fallow was alternated with a year of cropping.
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How did peasants make sure that food was always available with three year rotation?
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staggering the rotation of crops
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How did the new rotaiton of crops in the early Middle Ages differ from before?
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Cash crops could be gorwn two years out of three, rather than only one year in wo
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What reinforced communal or collective patterns of farming?
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traditional village rights
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WWhy did villages have open meadows?
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for hay and natural pasture. pastured their animals on the wheat or rye stubble
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What happened on open meadows besides pasturing animals for wheat or rye stubble?
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glenaing of grain
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What were many villages surrounded by? what did it provide?
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woodlands, which provided firewood, building materials, and nutritional roots and berries
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Why were peasants of eastern Europe worst off?
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worse social conditions, with serfodm
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Who stripped peasants of their meager earnings? How?
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state and landlords. levied heavy taxes and high rents
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What was reality for most people in village?
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poverty
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How much of population in Britain and Dutch republic work in agriculture?
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less than half
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What was secret in eliminating fallow, which was unproductive? developing in seventeenth century
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alternating grain with corps that restored nutrients to the soil, like peas, beans, root crops such as turnips and potatoes, and clover
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Why was clover one of most important corps?
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restores nitrogen directly to the soil
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Originally, what did people think of potatoes?
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fit only for animal feed
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How did peasants and larger farmers build up herds of cattle and sheep
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more fodder, hay, root vegetables
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What did more animals mean for the soil? what else?
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more manure to fertilize and restore soil. meat and dairy proudcts, pull ploughs in the fields
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What did government officials, experimental scientists, and landowners believe about open fields and common rights?
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new methods were scarcly possible
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What did a famer have to do to experiment with new methods?
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get landholders approval
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What is enclosure?
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movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at expense of poor peasants, who relied on common fields for farming and pasture
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Why were enclosures opposed by small landholders and poor?
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Threatened traditional rights. Poor could not use commmonly held pasture land to graze livestock, and marshalnds of forest outside village as source of goods.
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Why were some larger, predominantly noble landowners opposed tothe econlsure?
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required large investments in urchasing and fencing land
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Where were the new system fo ecnlsures adopted?
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Low Countries and England
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Which country pioneered advancements in agriculture?
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Dutch Republic
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Where specificially was agirculture highly specialized and commercialized in Dutch Republic
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Holland
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What are reasons for Dutch leaderhsip in famring?
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most densely populated, growth of towns and cities
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What were Dtuch forced to do to feed temsleves and provide employment?
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seek maximum yields from land and increase cultivated area through steady draining of marshed and swamps
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What did growing urban population mean?
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Provided Dutch peasants with markets for all they could produce and allowed each region to specialize in what it did best
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Where was mecca of foreign agricultural experts?
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low countires
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How did English take form Ducth?
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used their system of continuous crop rotation, draininga nd water control
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Who directed large drainage proejct in Yorkshire and in Cambridgeshire?
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cornelius vermuyden
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Who was Jethro Tull?
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Adopted ciritcial atttiude toward accpeted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research. Advocated sowing seed with drilling equiment. Use horses.
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What were improvements in livestock caused by?
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Selective breeding
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Before 1700, how much farmland in Englandwas enclosed
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more than half
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Who econlsoed remaining common land in England?
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Parliament
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Who celebrated large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress?
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arthur young
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What were two major historical developments in England as a result of the enclosure?
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Rise of market-oriented estate agriculture and emergence of a landless rural proletariat
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Who held most of the land in England Scotland?
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Wealthy landowners
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What did imporvments in agricultural technology mean?
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fewer laborers needed=unemployment
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What is proletarianization?
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transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners
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What did Black Death cause?
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sharp drop in population and food prices, and labor shortage
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By what time was Ruope back to pre-plauge population levels?
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mid-sixteenth century
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When did a great surge of pouplation growth occur?
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after 1500
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What did surge of pouplation growth after 1500 mean?
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outstripped growth of agricultural production
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Why did price revolution occur?
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less food per person, high food prices
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How much populaiton growth annually?
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.5 to 1 percent France less than .5% Russia New England greater than 1 In 300 years=16x more poeple
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Were there siginifcant increases in agrarian Eruope before 1700
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no
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What checked population growht until after 1700
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demographic crises (savage incrasing in deaths)
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What are the three grim reapers of demographic crisis?
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famine, epidemic disease, and war
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What was weather in much of Europe in seventeenth century?
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cold and wet weather
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What were diseases in Eruope?
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typhus, smallpox, syphailis, bubonic plague
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How was indirect effects of war more harmful?
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solider and camp followers passed contagious diseases. Armies requisitioned scarce food supplies, disrupting agricultural cycle
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What was populaiton numbers after Thirty Years' War?
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2/3 in Germany, almost 1/3 elsewhere
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What was pouplation of Europe between 1700 and 1835??
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2x
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Why did women have more babies than before 1700?
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new oppurtunities for employment in rural industry allowed them to marry at an earlier age
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What was basic cause of Eruopena populaiton increase?
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decline in mortality
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What was one of primary reasons behind population decline?
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disappearance of bubonic plague
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Where was last place plague struck? How many die?
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Marseilles, France. 100,000
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When had plague disappeared form ewestern and central Erupe
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1722
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Reasons for disappearance of plague?
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chance and plain good luck, quarantine
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Were advances in medical knowledge important in reducing death?
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not much
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Most important advance in preventive medicine?
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inocualtion against smallpox, mostly England
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What things improved public health and reduce diseases such as typhoid and typhus in some urban areasa of western Eruope?
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improvements in water supply and sewage - supported by absolutist monarchies
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What reduced Rueope's large insect pouplaiton
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drainage of swamps, improvements in water supply
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How did Eurpe safeguard supply of food and lessen impact of local crop failure and fmaine?
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Advances in transportation, like canal and road building
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Why did transportation safeguard supply of food?
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emergency supplies could be brought in and starvation became less frequent
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What is primary reason for population growth in the eighteenth century
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Years of higher-than-average death retes were less catastrophic
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What is cottage industry?
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Stage of industrial developemnt in which rural workers used hand tools in thier homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market
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What is putting-out system?
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Eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw material to cottage workers, who processed them and returne dht efinished products to the merchant
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Who were two mani participants in the putting-out system?
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merchant capitalist and the rural worker
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What happened as industries grew in scale and complexity?
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production was broke into many stages
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How did merchants pay outworkers?
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by the piece
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Why did putting-out system grow?
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competitive advantages. undermeployed labor was abundant and poor peasants and landless alborers woudl work for low wages
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What did the workers not needing to meet rigid guild standards mean?
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cottage industyr became capable of producing many kinds of goods
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Where did rural manufacturing develop most successfully in ?
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England
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How much of Engalnd's textiles were produced int eh countryside by 1500?
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1/2. also by 17000 Engish industry was more rual than urban and heavily reliant on the putting-out system
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When was growth in agriculture, pioneered by the dutch republic and England?
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1600-1850
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What time experienced remarkable expansion of rural industyr?
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later part of eighteenth century
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What industyr employed most people in Euroe?
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textiles
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What is most important in cottage making textiles?
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weaver's loom
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What invention enabled weaver to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads on one hand?
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John Kay's invention of flying shuttle
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Why was handloom weaving a fmaily enterprisse?
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All members of the family helped in the work. Women and children did auxiliary tasks. Man usually operated the loom.
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HOw many spinners were needed to keep one weaver steadily employed?
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four or five
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Who were hired to produce thread?
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merchants hired wives and daughters of agricutlural workers
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Why did spinster became synonomous for unmarried women?
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many widows and single women became spinsters
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Man's wage vs. women's
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12 shillings, 3.5 shillings
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What were conditions like for female workers?
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hard. did not earn much. illness or unemployment=disaster for her and children
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What was problem in merchant capitalist's point of view?
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maintaining contorl over the labor force
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When was there shortages in the supply of thread?
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ccottage workers worked on planting and haymaking in spring and late summer
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WHy did merchants bitterly resent their lack of contorl over rural labor?
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their livelihood depended on ability to meet orders on time. They accused workers of laziness, drunkenness, and immorality. They said that if workers failed to rpoduce enough thread it was because wages were too high and little incentive to work
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What did merhcants lobby for in terms of rural labor?
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police power
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What did merchants insist on wages of rural laborers?
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lowest possible wages
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What is the industrious revoluiton?
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The shift that occurred as fmailies in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reducing their eocnomic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods
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What happened to female employment in industrious Revolution?
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Rise. more work outside of the home
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What were downsides of industrious revolution? postivies?
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longer work hours and stircter discipline. families could make decious based on their own self-interests
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What did households seeking cash income allow for?
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Participation in an emerging consumer economy
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What was rele of women and girls in the more consumer eocnomy?
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menial, tedious jobs for low wages. Greater role in household deciison making. Scant earinngs for food cltohing, household necessities, clothing
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When did the idea male "breadwinner" who was expected to earn enough to support the whole family and women and children were relegrated back to the domestic sphere emerge?
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19th century, with rising industrial wages
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HOw did growht of rural indsutyr affect guild system?
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undermined it
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What is the guild system?
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organizaiton of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers
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What did guilds provide for their masters?
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eocnomic privileges as wella s a proud social dientity
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Who dominated produciton in town and cities?
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guilds
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WHo worked on the margins of urban economy
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Those exluded from guild membership: women, day laborers, Jews, and foreigners
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When and what did critics attack guilds for?
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second half of eighteenth century. outmoded institutions that obstructed technical progress and innovation
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When did the guild system reach its peak in most of Europe?
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seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
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What did Jean-Baptiste Colbert do to urban guilds?
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revived them and used them to encourage high-quality production and to collect taxes
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Who occupied the summit of world of work?
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guild masters
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What were guild privilegs?
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exclusive right sto produce and sell certain goods, access to restricted markets in raw materials, and the rights to train apprentices, hire workers, and open shops
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Besides work what did guilds serve as?
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social and religoius funcitons
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Who were guilds restricted to?
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Good christians, several years of work experience, stiff emmberhsip fees, and compelted a masterpiece. fmaily connections were favored
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What did most urban men and women work?
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domestic servants, as manual laborers, and as vendors of food, used clothing, and other goods
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Where were guilds most conservative and powerful?
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Germany
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What was English attitude toward guild rules? France?
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naitonal regulations superseded guild rules. reliance on them for taxes and enforcement of quality standards, but non-guild produciton could fluourish in countryside
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What types of guilds acceptd women?
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most involved needlework and textile proeduction. joined tailors' guilds.
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Did some male masters higher female workers?
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Yes, in defiance of own guild statues
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What questioned the very existence of the guild system?
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new Enlightenment ideals
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What did eighteenth-century critics say about guilds?
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They were outmoded and exclusionary institutions that obstructed technical innovation and progress
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Who was Adam Smith?
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Leading igure of the Scottish Enlightenemnt who criticized government regulation of trade and industry
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What was Inquiry into the Nature and CAuses fo the Wealth of Naiotns about?
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idea of freedom of enterprise and established basis for modern economics
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What three institutions did Smith critizcized?
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state monopolies, guilds, privileged companies
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What did Adam Smith argue for in economy?
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Free competition
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What did Smith argue for in terms of labor?
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division of labor, which entailed separating craft production into individual tasks to increase workers' speed and efficiency
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What did Smith call his system of free competition?
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"system of natural liberty"
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What did Smith say that government should limit itself to, "only three duties"?
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provide a defense against foreign invasion, maintain civil order with courts and police protection,a dn sponsor certain public works and institutions that could never adequately profit private investors.
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What is economic liberalism?
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A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.
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Did Smith support modest rise in real wages of British workers int eh eighteenth century?
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Yes
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What did adam smiths say about the rise in producivity?
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celebrated division of labor, but called for govenrment intervention to raise workers' living standards. He said it had demoralizing effects on workers
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What did Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot?
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In 1776, the economics minister abollished all French guilds
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When was Wealth of Nations published
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1776
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HOw did French respond to eradication of guilds?
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protest leading to Turgot's disgrace
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When was guild disbanded again?
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French Revolution in 1791
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Where did guilds survive? until when
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central Eruope and Italy. second 1/2 of nineteenth century
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How did artisans respond to SMith's ideas?
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welcomed economic liberalizaiton, but continued to uphold the ideals of guilds
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How have recent schoalrs challenged criticism of guilds?
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mephasized the flexibility and adapatability of the guild system and the role it played in fostering confidence in quality standards
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By the middle of the ninetheenth century what did most European government and elites champion in terms of economy?
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economic deregulation
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What characterized expansion of Eruope?
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agricultural imporvement, population pressure, and growing cotage industry, increase of world trade
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What characterized expansion of Europe besides agricultural improvement, population pressure, and growing cottage industry,
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increase of world trade
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What did innovators say about village's natural pastureland?
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enclose it into individual shares
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What is natural pastureland also called?
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common
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What did Adam Smith say was the two greatest and most important events recorded itn he history of mankind?
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discovery of America and passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope
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Which countires benefited most from coolonial development in eighteenth century? Who revitalized empires?
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Northwester Europe- Dutch Republic, France, and above all Gerat Britain most benefited. Spain and Portugal revitalized
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What proved crucial in building a global economy?
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Atlantic economy
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Who became the leading maritime power?
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Great Britain
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What did Great Britain consist of?
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England and Scotalnd
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Who did Great Britain compete with for trade and territory in Asia?
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France and Netherlands
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What did Britain's commercial leadership originate from?
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mercanitlism of the seventeenth century
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What is European mercantilism?
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System of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of state
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What did country's treasure chest consist of?
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gold
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What was reasons for Navigation Acts?
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incrase boht military power and private wealth?
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What si Navigation Acts?
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A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britaina dn British colonies.
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What did Navigation Acts require?
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Most goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article
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Who established Navigation Acts? Who extended them?
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Oliver Cromwell. Charles II
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What did the Navigation aCts give British merchants and shipowners?
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virtual monopoly ofver trade
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What were colnists required to do wiht Navigation Acts?
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Ship products on British ships and to buy almost all Eruopean goods form Britain
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British navy called?
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Royal Navy
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How was Navigation Acts a form of economic warfare?
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It targetted the Dutch, far ahead of the English in shipping and foreign trade in the mid-seventeenth centry. It damaged Dutch shipping and commerce
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What two things damaged Dutch shipping and commerce?
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Anglo-Dutch wars and Navigation acts
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What Dutch colony did Great Britain cede?
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New Amsterdam and renamed New York
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Who became England's most serious rival in the competiotn for overseas empire after defeatin gDutch?
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Fance
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Population of France in comparison to England?
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3 to 4x more
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Why was France such a big overseas empire?
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Since it was a leading military power it was already buildnig a powerful fleet and worldwide system fo rigidly monopolized colonial trade
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What time period did Britain and France fight for overseas expansion?
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1701-1763
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What was first round between Britain and French?
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War of the Sapnish Succession
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What did union of France and Spain mean for colonies?
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Threatens to encircle and destory the Birtish colonies in North America
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What was treaty solving War fo the Spanish Succession?
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Peace of Utrecht
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What happened as a result of the Peace of Utrecht?
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In 1713, Louis XIV ceded his North American holdings in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to Britain
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What was Sapin compelled to give Britain in terms of slaves?
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Give contorl of its WEst African slave trade and let Britain send one ship of merchandise into the Spanish colonies annually?
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What is asiento?
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Spainsih slave tradw tih AFrica
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What was second conflict between French and English?
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War of the Austria Succession?
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What caused War of the Austrian Succession?
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Frederick the Gerat of Prussia seized Silesia from Austria's Maria Theres
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HOw was War fo the Austrian Succession a world war?
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Included Anglo-French conflicts in India and North America, but no change happened.
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What was the last conflict between French and British in terms of overseas empire?
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Seven Years' War
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What was cause of Seven Years' War?
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France aided Austria's Maria Theresa in her quest to win back Silesia from the Purssians, hwo had formed an alliance with England.
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What is Seven Years' War also known as?
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French-Indian war
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What was the Seven Years' War conflict in America?
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French and Birtish settlers engaged in territorial skirmishes in North America, resulitng in an all-out war that drew Native American allies on both sides fohte conflict
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What is Treaty of Paris?
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Treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts
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Who won as a result of Seven Years' War in north american conflict
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British. They won all colonial fronts
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How was British naval power built?
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In large part on the rapid growth of the British shipping industry after the passage fo the Navigation Acts.
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What had Britain realized after defeating French in 1763?
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Its goal of monopolizing a vast trading and colonial empire
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What is commerical exchange in the Atlantic referred toas?
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Triangle trade.
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What is the "triangle trade" like?
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European commodities, like guns and textiles, to Africa; enslaved Africans to the colonies and colonial goods, such
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What did economies of European nations bordering hte Atlantic Ocean rely on?
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colonial exports. especially England
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What was number of sales to Eruopean countires, England's traditional partners?
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1/2 of exports, down from 3/4 a century earlier. This is because of colonial products
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What did colonial monopolies allow English to do?
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Obtain a steady supply of goods at beneficial prices and to re-export htem to other nations at high profits
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Where was the West's largest and richest city?
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London, stimulated by trade and emprie building
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How did colonial goods contribute new manufacturing jobs in England?
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Processing was required before consumption
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What country stood on threshold of epoch-making changes that would become known as Industrial Revolution?
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England
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Did French profit from colonial trade desipte losing possessions to the English i the Seven Years' War?
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Yes
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What were colonies important to French? What did they do?
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Saint-Dominque (today's Haiti), Martinique, and Guadeloupe. They provided immense fortunes in plantation agricutlure and slave trading during the second half of the eighteenth century
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Where was the world's leading producer of coffee and sugar?
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Saint-Domingue
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what was the most profitable plantation colony in the New World?
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Saint-Domingue
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What did wealth from colonies do for merchants?
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merhcnats gained confidence from wealth and merchants joined other groups clamoring for political reforms
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Besides Britain and France what was a major player in the Atlantic eocnomy?
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Spain
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What territory did Spain gain form France? When?
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Louisiana 1763.
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Where did Spain expand its influence?
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Westward all the way to northern California through the efforts of Spanish missionaries and ranchers
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Why were Spain's mercantilist goals boosted?
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They recovered in silver produciton which had dropped signifcantly in the seventeenth century
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What is debt peonage? Where was it developed
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A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money. Spanish colonies
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Why was debt peonage developed?
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to keep indigenous workers on their estates. by wealthy Spanihs landowners.
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What did silver mining stimulate for mining camps in Spain?
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food production
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What i one exception of triangle trade?
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brisk intercolonial trade wth the Caribbena slave colonies importing food in the form of fish, flour, and livestock from the northern colonies and rice form the south.
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How did colonial traders violate imperial monopolies?
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traded with the most profitable partners, regardless of nationality
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Why was Atlantic economy not just the Atlantic?
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It linked trade with the INdian and Pacific Oceans
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What is the ATlantic Slave trade?
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forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plnatations and in other industires; the trade reached its peak in the egighteenth century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans.
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When did slave trade intensify dramatically? Especially when?
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After 1700 Especailly after 1750 with the growth of trade and demand for slave-produced goods like sugar and cotton
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# of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic between 1701 and 1800?
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6.5 million
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What was responsible for the tremendous growht of the alve trade?
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rise of plantation agriculture
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What did shipments average in peak of the 1780s annually?
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eighty thousand individuals per year
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Which plantations received the largest number of enslaved Africans over the entire period of slave trade? How much?
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Brazil. 45%. rEst into caribbean colonies
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HOw much percent slaves in North America
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3%
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Who beame the undisputed leaders in shipping slaves across the Atlantic?
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Britain
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What did European governments and ship captains focus on instad of fighitng among themselves by 1700?
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commerce
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What new method of trading eventually developed in around 1700?
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shore method of trading?
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What is shore method of trading in Africa?
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European ships sent boats ashore or invited African dealers to bring traders and slaves out to their ships. It allowed ships to move easliy along hte coast form market to market and to depart more quickly for the AMericas
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What happened before shore method of trading?
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fortified trading posts
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What did African merchants and rulers gain from Europe?
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European and colonial goods, including firearms
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What were negative consequences of slave trade?
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Wars among aFrican states to obtain captives and leaders used slave profits to purchase more arms than textiles and consumer goods
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What was population of Africa during Atlantic slave trade?
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stagnated or possible declined
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What did Europeans think of slave trade between Africa and Americas?
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Did not personally witness the horrors and considered the African slave trade a legitimate business until early part of the eighteenth century
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When had a campaign to abolsih slavery developed in Britain?
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When details of the plight of ensalved people became known
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When did the aboliton campaign grow into a massive movement of public opinoin
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late 1780s
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What was first mass movement of public opionion
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abolition campaign against slavery
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Who was prominent in movement against slavery in Britain?
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British women who denounced the immorality of human bondage and stressing the cruel and sadistic treatment of enslaved women and families
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What happened to British slave trade eventually after protest?
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Parliament abolished British slave trade (1807), although slavery continued in British colonies and the Americas for decades
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What circulated through the eighteenth-century Atlantic world besides alves and commodities?
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cultural ideas
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What does the term Creole refer to?
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People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas
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How did Creoles live?
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They followed Eruopean ways of life and had lavish plantation estates. They had townhouses in colonial cities and purchased luxury goods. Children were often sent to be educated in the home country
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Did colonial elite have same interests and characteristics from home pouplation?
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no. they were accustomed to a different soil, so they were detached from native soil sort of
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What did creole traders and planters oppose from colonial bureaucrats?
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regulations and taxes imposed
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What did resentment of colonial bureaucrat's regualtions and taxes
answer
regualtions against colonial powers
question
Were all Europeans in colonies wealthY?
answer
No, there were poor or middling whites working as clerks, shopkeepers, craftsmen, and plantation managers.
question
Were white Eruopeans majority of population? Where were they a majority?
answer
no. british north america
question
What was gender of most Eruopean migrants? What did this lead to?
answer
male. Population of Atlantic world descned from unions of European men and indigenous or African women
question
Did mixed-race populations ever rise to colonial elite?
answer
yes
question
How did mixed-race become part of colonial elite in Spanish colonies?
answer
Spanish conquistadors marry daughters of local rulers, and descendants became powerful
question
Where did masters acknowlbean, as in Braziledge and freed mixed-race children?
answer
Spanish and French Carib
question
Who gave backlash to prosperity of some free people of color in the colony?
answer
White population of Saint-Domingue who formed new race laws prohibiting nonwhites from marrying whites and forcing them to adopt distinctive attire
question
What were British colonies like in terms of their racial patterns?
answer
Whole famlies migrated resulting in a rapid increase in the white population. Colonial law forbade marriage between English men and women and Africans or Native Americans.
question
What happened to mixed-race hcildren in British colonies of Caribebean and southern mainland?
answer
masters tended to leave them in slavery rahter than freeing them
question
What is a mulatto?
answer
Person of mixed descent, typically white and black
question
Where were mixed children left in slavery rather than freed?
answer
British colonies in Caribbean and southern mainland
question
How were colonial elites Americanized
answer
They adopted native foods, like chocolate and potatoes, and sought relief from tropical disease in nativve remedies.
question
How did free people of color establish their own social hierarchies?
answer
based on wealth, family connections, occupations, and skin color
question
What was a key ambition for all Eruopean powers in the New World?
answer
converting indigenous people to Christianity
question
Who sponsored missionary efforts?
answer
Catholic powers
question
Who establisheed missions throughout Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies?
answer
Jesuits Franciscans, Dominicans, and other religous orders
question
Where were Catholic cultures successfully developed?
answer
Central and South America by Portuguese and Spanihs colonies
question
Why were conversion efforts in North America less effective?
answer
indiengous seettlements wer eless scattered and native poeple were less integrated into colonial communities
question
Were Protestants active as missionaries?
answer
no
question
Which Protestant dissenters sought converts among indigenous and enslaved people?
answer
moravian, quakers, and methodists
question
How did slavery embrace Christianity?
answer
Slave owners often refused to baptize their slaves, because it might give them more rights. Also, Afircan-born slavs othe Caribbean had elemtns of African religous belief and practice with Christian traditions
question
What was Jews involvement in the Atlantic economy?
answer
They were eager participants and established a network of mercantile communities along its trade routes. They faced discirmination, but were ineligible to be slaves
question
Who was Olaudah Equiano?
answer
A freed slave whow as abducted and transported across ATlantic. He was educated by British Royal Navy Officer, but was sold to Quaker merchant. He eventaully bought freedom and returned to ENgland.
question
What Enlightenment were colonies of British North America influenced by? Why?
answer
scottish enlightenment. It emphasized pragmatic approaches to the problems of life
question
How did colonies adopt the Scottish model?
answer
They adopted "common-sense" version of the Enlightenment that emphasized self-improvement and ethical conduct
question
Was Scottish Enlightenment compatible with religion? What were college and universities of the colonies like?
answer
yes. educational institutions were church-based
question
How did Benjamin's writings and political career relate to Scottish Enlightenment.
answer
He combined pragmatism and economic interests of the Scottish Enlightenment with constitutionals of John Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu
question
What was Ben Franklin's religion?
answer
deism
question
Did Ben Franklin go to church and respect religious proprities?
answer
yes
question
What did Northern Enlightenment thinkers think about Spanish American colonies?
answer
the colonies were the epitome of the superstition and barbarity they contested
question
How was Spanish America influenced by Enlightenment, despite banned books by the Catholic Church?
answer
Educated elites were aware of the new currents of thoughts. Spanish America produced their own reform ideas. A mining school was eventually established in Mexico City.
question
In all European colonies, what was one effect of Enlightenment thought?
answer
Encourage colonists to criticize the policies of the mother country and aspire toward greater autonomy
question
Who was the major player in the Indian Ocean trading world between 1500 and 1600?
answer
Portuguese
question
Who did Portuguese eliminate as Eruope's chief supplier of spices and other Asian luxury goods when they became major player in Indian Ocean trading world?
answer
Venice
question
Which company took control of the Portuguese spice trade in the Indian Ocean?
answer
Dutch East India Company
question
Where were centers of operations of Dutch East India Company?
answer
Batavia (Jakarta) and Java
question
HOw did the Dutch transform the Indian Ocean trading world?
answer
Dutch established outright control and reduced business partners in East Indian states and peoples.
question
Why did Dutch hold in Asia falter in the eighteenth century?
answer
The company failed to diversity to meet changing consumption paatterns
question
What composed most of Dutch's shipping in the Indian Ocean trade world?
answer
spices -they were declining in importance, probably because of changing fashions in food and luxcury
question
Who was Dutch East India Company's main rival?
answer
English East India Company
question
Where did British turn to in the Indian Ocean proviting lucrative profits? What was it a source of
answer
India. Silks, textiles, and peppers
question
Who did English East India Company rely on trade concessions from?
answer
powerful Mugahl emperor, who granted only piecemeal access to subcontinent
question
At what point were British gaining more influence India?
answer
In 1716, Mughals conceded empirewide trading privileges. Mughal power waned. The company inervened in local affairs and made alliances or wages war against Indian princes
question
Who was Britain's great rival for influence in India
answer
France
question
During what war did British and French forces in INdia support opposing rulers in local power sturggles?
answer
War of the Austrian Succession
question
Who led East India Company forces and conquered rich northeastern province of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey?
answer
Robert Clive
question
What is Battle of Plassey?
answer
Conquer of rich northeastern province of BEngal
question
When was French-English rivalry solved? What happened?
answer
Treaty of Paris. It granted all of France's possessions in India to the British with the exception of Pondicherry, an Indian Ocena port city
question
What did the Mughal shah grant the East India Company in mid 1700's?
answer
diwani
question
What is diwani?
answer
Right to civili administraiton and tax collection, in Bengal and neighboring provinces
question
What happened after there was a large-scale rebellion in 1857 against rule of East India Company?
answer
Direct adminstration replaced them.
question
Where did British start settling located in Indian OceaN?
answer
Australia
question
Who claimed the east coast of Australia for England?
answer
Captain James Cook (1770)
question
What did Captain James call the east coast of Australia?
answer
New South Wales
question
What did Australia rely on for labor?
answer
Convicted prisoners form Britain
question
When was first colony settled (east)? When was west settled?
answer
178s. 1790s
question
Where was Cook killed?
answer
In Hawaii, by islanders
question
What is an exmaple where the rising economic and political power of Euroepans drew on connections etablished between Asian and Atlantic trade worlds?
answer
Trade in cowrie shells, from Maldive Islands in Indian Ocean. It was used as a form of currency in West Africa
question
Where did Euorpean traders obtain cowrie shells?
answer
Asia (as well as porcelains, spices, and silks for the journey home)
question
What did Europeans trade with Afircans?
answer
cowrie shells, Indian textiles
question
Why did France experience low population growth rate?
answer
high population density
question
Why did Russia and New England experience high population growth rate?
answer
More frontier to settle into
question
Where was rural manufacturing most successful?
answer
England
question
Why did Britain and the Dutch Republic enjoy higher agricultural production than other countries in eighteenth-century Europe?
answer
They found new ways of crop rotation
question
How did the rights of textile workers change over the course of the eighteenth century? Give example.
answer
Workers lost traditional rights and safeguards. For exmaple, they could not keep bits and pieces of cloth left over in production
