question

The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were

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Locke and Newton

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An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called

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public opinion

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The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in

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France

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Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d' Alembert are best known for their great work:

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the Encyclopedia

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Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?

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Charles de Montesquieu

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Smith's theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called his __________ theory

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four-stage

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Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes

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Commercial and professional urban classes

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What was the purpose of Voltaire's interest in the execution of Jean Calas

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Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for judicial reform

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The Encyclopedia

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secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe

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Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment

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favored the extension of European empires across the world

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The philosophes generally

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were not avid feminists

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Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in

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its rational approach

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With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?

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Motherhood is a woman's most important occupation

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How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe

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Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform

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After 1688, which of these remained religious outsiders in Britain

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Unitarians and Roman Catholics

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Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian

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institutions

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Enlightenment Thinkers

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had faith in the power of rational criticism

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As a result of the Enlightenment

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The spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and Western society

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Although they disagreed on many issues, the fundamental principle shared by Enlightenment thinkers was

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Reforming society for the sake of human liberty

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With regard to economic measures, the philosophes generally supported

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an expansion of trade

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The slogan "Crush the Infamous Thing" refers to

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Voltaires attitude toward the Catholic church

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The Encyclopedia project was led by

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Diderot

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The encyclopedists believed that

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Antiquity rather than the Christian centuries should provide the intellectual and ethical models for civilization, the future welfare of humankind depended on living at peace with their neighbors, and the good life lay in the application of reason to human relationships

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In the view of the philosophes, Christianity

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Favored the politics of intolerance and bigotry and caused human suffering, torture and war

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Most philosophes believed that religion should be

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Transformed into a humane force of tolerance

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Laissez-faire economic thought argues in favor of

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A limited role of government in the economic life of a nation

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Adam Smith advocated (supported)

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the ending of England's mercantile system

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regarding the origins of the Enlightenment in Science, the following can be said

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Science allowed alternatives to be imagined in everything from politics to religion, laws restricting scientific research actually encouraged political heresy

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Which of the following are related to the religious origins of the Enlightenment

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Luther's 95 Theses

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The Republic of Letters

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Was a gathering of elite Enlightenment thinkers at Parisian Solons, was a cosmopolitan discourse of the issues of the day, and was governed by proper social conventions and behavior

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Literacy during the 18th century

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Was dramatically higher than any point previous, created a passionate desire for the printed word

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This nation was significantly freer than any other European nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment

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England

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All of the following can be said of the 18th century Enlightenment EXCEPT

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it reflected acceptance of social inequities and injustice as inevitable effects of natural law

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The Enlightenment

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was based upon the assumption that science and reason can explain all things

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"Liberty" in the 18th century thought, can best be described as

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human rights and the sovereignty of the people

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the scientists, thinkers, and writers of the scientific revolution gave 18th century Europe a belief in

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•progress •natural law •hope of the future •education

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Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily interested in

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changing the relationship between people and their government

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The 18th century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress through

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scientific empricism

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"The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies of the society, at which dinner was usually served, cards usually played, but conversation led by the hostess predominated. A few salons were known as having the ideal mixture of leading intellectuals, open-minded nobles, and clever, elegant women." The passage above describes an important aspect of social life in which of the following?

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Paris during the Enlightenment

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Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill both wrote

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tracts on liberty and the rights of women

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Hobbes and Rousseau both agreed that

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a monarch has absolute power

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The group most severely criticized in the works of Voltaire, the French philosophe, was the

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Roman Catholic clergy

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The 18th century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with

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critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge

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Which of the following is most characteristic of Voltaire's ideas?

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empiricism and religious toleration are to be celebrated

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau differed significantly from other Enlightenment philosophes in his

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emphasis on emotions and his admiration for the "noble salvage"

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Philosophes criticized the Christian church for all of the following EXCEPT

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taking too limited a role in national poilitics

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The philosophes used reason to address

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social issues

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Which of the following is NOT true of the philosophes?

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they used their positions as university professors to influence society

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The style of the Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was

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the satire

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Voltaire's greatest concern was

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the freedom of the religion and the press

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Voltaire's Candide reveals that the Enlightenment thought was not always

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optimistic

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"When popes and priests define their dogmas and discipline their followers, corruption is the rule and abuse is the result. Crush the infamous thing! The simple beauty of Christ's message has been lost in ignorance and encrusted with superstition." The speaker above would probably adhere to the views of

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Voltaire

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Many philosophes, such as Voltaire, believed that governmental reform would be accomplished by

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benevolent absolutist monarchs

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Voltaire and Montesquieu had a similar outlook in their opinions about

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England

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The main purpose of the French salons was to

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provide a forum where men of letters could exchange ideas

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Which of the following was argued by John Locke in the Second Treatise of Government

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the government must always protect the people's rights to property

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The book System of Nature (1770), by the Baron d'Holbach, was one of the most radical texts of the Enlightenment because of its

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Materialism

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All of the following are examples of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau EXCEPT

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the proper role of government is to protect individual property

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"The virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community" In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes said that government is a "contact"

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between the ruler and those governed; those being ruled should turn over all authority to the ruler to ensure security and order

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The philosophes were primarily

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journalists and popularizers of the of the Enlightenment

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According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to protect

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life, liberty, and property

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In his political commentary, French philosopher Montesquieu most admired England for its

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division of power

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Rousseau can be considered an early Romantic thinker primarily because he

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admired the peasant and, even more, the uncivilized

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Voltaire's famous slogan "crush the horrible thing" refers to

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religion

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Montesquieu, in his Spirit of the Laws, was inspired by the system of government in

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Great Britain

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Whose Spirit of the Laws, in 1748, served as a basis for the American Constitution's "separation of powers"

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Montesquieu

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Rousseau's Emile influenced the way people viewed childhood

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by emphasizing that children were not merely small adults

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Which is the most accurate statement pertaining to the philosophes of the 18th century

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they were primarily reformers

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Thomas Jefferson advocated which of the following ideas, which had its origins in the writing of John Locke, in the American Declaration of Independence?

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the purpose of government is to protect individual rights

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Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of the 18th century?

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Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people

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Which of the following is NOT part of Rousseau's thought?

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all religion is based on "hope and fear"

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Hobbes and Locke DISAGREED in their belief that

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the natural state of men is one of war

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Locke argued that the primary aim for government is

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to assure right of property

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Which of the following best expresses Voltaire's views concerning religion?

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organized religion perpetuates superstition and ignorance

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The two major points on the Deist's creed were

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the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one's earthly actions and the existence of a rational God

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Which of the following figures came closest to atheism in their religious thinking?

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Baron d'Holbach

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According to Ethics, the most famous of his works, this man closely identified God and nature, an idea for which his contemporaries condemned him

answer

Spinoza

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This 18th century philosopher was known as the "Jewish Socrates"

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Mendelsohn

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Pascal and other critics saw this as an exceptionally carnal or sexually promiscuous religion because of his teaching that heaven was a place of sensuous delights

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Islam

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The religious belief of the majority of the philosophes was

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Deism

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Which of the following holds that God is no longer active in the world

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Deism

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What was the "religion of the Enlightenment"?

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Deism

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The Enlightenment concept of a remote God who does not interfere in the operations of his creation is

answer

deism

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Deists such as Voltaire believe that

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God created the universe but then plays no additional role in shaping the course of events

question

The 18th century deists

answer

believed in a rational world that operated according to natural law

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