Microbiology Chapter 17 Test Questions – Flashcards
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An individuals genetically predetermined resistance to certain deseases is called? |
Innate immunity |
______________ is the ability of the body to specifically react to a microbial infection. |
Adaptive Immunity |
____________ produce lymphocytes and when they mature they become Bcells |
Red Bone Marrow
|
_______________________ involves antibodies which are found in Serum and lump and produce B cells |
Humoral immunity |
Lymphocytes that migrate through the thymus become |
T cells
|
Cellular immunity involves? |
T cells
|
What type of cell receptors recognize antigens? |
T- Cell Receptors |
This is a chemical substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies? |
An antigen (or immunogen) |
As a rule ___________ are proteins or polysaccharides. |
Antigens |
Antibodies are formed against specific regions on antigens called ________ or ____________ |
epitopes or antigenic determinants
|
This is a low molecular weigh substance that cannot cause the formation of antibodies unless combined with a carrier molecule. |
Hapten |
_________________reacts with their antibodies independently of the carrier molecule |
hapten |
_______________ is a protein that is produced by B cells in response to an antigen and is capable of combining specifically with that antigen. |
An Antibody or immunoglobin |
What do typical monomers consist of? |
4 polypeptide chains
2 heavy and 2 light chains |
Within each chain is _____________ that binds the
epitope and a constant ___________ that distiguishes
the different classes of antibodies. |
V region
C region |
What shape is the monomer?
|
Y shaped |
On an Antibody monomer the _______ form the tips and the _____________ form the base and Fc (stem) region |
V region
C regions |
Which region of the monomer can attach to a host cell or to a complement? |
Fc region |
The Igm Antibodies consist of ____________ chains that are held by a ____________. |
five monomers
joining chains |
What are involved with agglutination and complement fixation? |
IgM antibodies |
These secretory Antibodies are dimers that protect mucosal surfaces from invasion of pathogens. |
Secrretory IgA antibodies |
Serum IgA antibodies are ____________ |
monomers
|
These antibodies are on B cells and they may delete B Cells that produce antibodies against self. |
IgD Antibodies |
These Antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergic reactions. |
IgE Antibodies |
Red Bone Marrow cells give rise to ________ with _______ and ______ on their surfaces which recognize specific epitopes. |
B cells
IgM and IgD
|
For T independent antigens: B cells are selected by ____________ |
Free antigens |
For T dependent antigens:
|
the B cells immunoglubulins combine with an antigen, and the antifen fragments combine with MHC class II activated Th cells . |
In T-dependent antigens, what cells active the B cells? |
The Th cells activate the B cells |
Activated B cell differentiate into ___________ and _____________. |
Plasma cells and Memory cells |
B cells that recognize self are eliminated by |
Clonal deletion. |
An Antigen -antibody complex forms when an antibody binds
|
to its specific epitopes on an antigen. |
Agglutination results when _______. |
an antibody combines with epitopes on two different cells.
|
Optinization enhances ____________ of the antigen |
phagocytosis |
Antibodies that attach to microbes or toxins cause |
neutralization |
What does compliment activation result in? |
Cell lysis |
Where do T cells mature? |
the thymus |
What part of the T cell recognizes antigens? |
T cell receptors |
What do red bone marrow stem cells give rise to ?
|
T cells |
These cells recognize antigens processed by antigen presenting cells. |
T cells |
A "T" cell binds to ________ on the surface of an infected cell |
MHC -Complexes |
This depends on T cells to eliminate intracellular pathofens, reject foreign tissue recognized as non self and detroy tumor cells |
Cellular immunity or cell mediated immunity |
This type of immunity is directed at freely circulating pathogens and depends on B Cells. |
Humoral immunity |
The adaptive immunity is divided into two parts, what are they? |
Humoral immunity (antibody-immunity) and Cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)
|
These cells are usually found in resting state and are important for innate immunity and riddy the body of worn blood cells
|
macrophages |
What kind of cells can attack parasites , larger then a bacteria and do not need to be stimulated by an antigen? |
NK Cells (Natural killer cells) |
These cells cause pores to form in the target cell which leads to either lysis or apoptosis? |
NK (Natural Killer) cell |
Cytokines that serve as communcators between leukocytes (white Blood cells) are known as ______________. |
Interleukins |
This is a small family of cytokines that induce migration of leukocytes into areas of infection or tissue damage.
|
Chemokines |
This type of cytokine, protect cells form viral infection and are available as commercial products in treating disease conditions such as hepatitis and some cancers. |
interferon |
Chemical messengers that are soluble proteins or glycoproteins, that are produced by all cells in the immune system in response to a stimulis. |
Cytokines |
These cytokines are a strong factor in inflammatory reactions of autoimmune diseases such a rhematoid arthritis and known by abbreviations TNF-a. |
Tumor necrosis factor |
Which cells (T or B) make antibodies? |
B cells |
What is a good example of a hapten? |
Penicillin |
Where are T cell and B cells primarilly found in? |
Blood and Lymphoid organs |
The strength of a Bond between an antigen and antibody is called? |
Affinity |
Antibodies have the capability of recognizing the shape of an antigens epitope. This is called? |
Specificity |
These secondary lymphoid organs are located on the intestinal wall and are where M (microfold) cells are located.
|
Peyers patches |
The recognition of antigens by a T cell requires that they be first processed by |
APC (antigen presenting cells) |
Naturally acquired immunity develops when |
a person is exposed to antifens, becomes ill and then recovers. (ex measles) |
This involves the natural transfer of antibodies from a mother to her infant. This type of immunity can last a few months. |
Naturally aqcuired passive immunity |
This type of immunity is the result of vaccination and can be long lasting |
Artificially acquired active immunity |
This type of immunity involves the injection of antibodies (rather then antigens) into the body. This type of immunity can last up to a few months |
Artificially acquired passive immunity |
This introduces vaccines in to the body. |
Vaccination or immunization |
A generic term for blood derived fluids that contain antibodies |
Antiserum |
The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens is called |
Serology |
The response of the body to the first contact of an antigen is called_______ and is characterized by the appearance of Igm and IgG. |
Primary Response |
Overproduction of cytokines leads to ____________ which leads to tissue damage. |
Cytokine storm |
Immunity resulty from infection is called ____________ and may be long lasting. |
Naturally acquired long lasting immunity |