Microbiology Chapter 17 Test Questions – Flashcards

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An individuals genetically predetermined resistance to certain deseases is called?

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Innate immunity

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______________ is the ability of the body to specifically

react to a microbial infection.

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Adaptive Immunity

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____________ produce lymphocytes and when they mature they become Bcells

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Red Bone Marrow

 

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_______________________ involves antibodies which are found in Serum and lump and produce B cells

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Humoral immunity

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Lymphocytes that migrate through the thymus become

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T cells

 

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Cellular immunity involves?

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T cells

 

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What type of cell receptors recognize antigens?

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T- Cell Receptors

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This is a chemical substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies?

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An antigen (or immunogen)

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As a rule ___________ are proteins or polysaccharides.

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Antigens

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Antibodies are formed against specific regions on antigens called ________  or ____________

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epitopes or antigenic determinants

 

 

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This is a low molecular weigh substance that cannot cause the formation of antibodies unless combined with a carrier molecule. 

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Hapten

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_________________reacts with their antibodies independently of the carrier molecule

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hapten

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_______________ is a protein that is produced by B cells in response to an antigen and is capable of combining specifically with that antigen.

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An Antibody or immunoglobin

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What do typical monomers consist of?

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4 polypeptide chains

 

2 heavy and 2 light chains

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Within each chain is _____________ that binds the

 

 epitope and a constant ___________ that distiguishes

 

 the different classes of antibodies.

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V region

 

C region

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What shape is the monomer?

 

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Y shaped

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On an Antibody monomer the _______ form the tips and the _____________ form the base and Fc (stem) region

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V region

 

C regions

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Which region of the monomer can attach to a host cell or to a complement?

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Fc region

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The Igm Antibodies consist of ____________ chains that are held by a ____________.

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five monomers

 

joining chains

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What are involved with agglutination and

complement fixation?

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IgM antibodies

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These secretory Antibodies are dimers that protect mucosal surfaces from invasion of pathogens.
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Secrretory IgA antibodies

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Serum IgA antibodies are ____________

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monomers

 

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These antibodies are on B cells and they may delete B Cells that  produce antibodies against self.

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IgD Antibodies

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These Antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergic reactions.

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IgE Antibodies

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Red Bone Marrow cells give rise to ________ with _______ and ______ on their surfaces which recognize specific epitopes.

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B cells

 

IgM and IgD

 

 

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For T independent antigens: B cells are selected by ____________

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Free antigens

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For T dependent antigens:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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the B cells immunoglubulins combine with an antigen, and the antifen fragments combine with MHC class II activated Th cells . 
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In T-dependent antigens, what cells active the B cells?
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The Th cells activate the B cells
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Activated B cell differentiate into 

___________ and _____________.

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Plasma cells and Memory cells

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B cells that recognize self are eliminated by

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Clonal deletion.

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An Antigen -antibody complex forms when an antibody binds

 

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to its specific epitopes on an antigen.

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Agglutination results when _______.

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an antibody combines with epitopes on two different cells.

 

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Optinization enhances ____________ of the antigen
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phagocytosis

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Antibodies that attach to microbes or toxins cause

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neutralization

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What does compliment activation result in?

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Cell lysis

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Where do T cells mature?
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the thymus

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What part of the T cell recognizes antigens?

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T cell receptors

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What do red bone marrow stem cells give rise to ?

 

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T cells

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These cells recognize antigens processed by antigen presenting cells.

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T cells

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A "T" cell binds to  ________ on the surface of an infected cell
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MHC -Complexes

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This depends on T cells to eliminate intracellular pathofens, reject foreign tissue recognized as non self and detroy tumor cells
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Cellular immunity

or cell mediated immunity

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This type of immunity is directed at freely circulating pathogens and depends on B Cells.
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Humoral immunity

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The adaptive immunity is divided into two parts, what are they?
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Humoral immunity (antibody-immunity)

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Cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

 

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These cells are usually found in resting state  and are important for innate immunity and riddy the body of worn blood cells

 

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macrophages

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What kind of  cells can attack parasites , larger then a bacteria and do not need to be stimulated by an antigen?
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NK Cells

(Natural killer cells)

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These cells cause pores to form in the target cell which leads to either lysis or apoptosis?
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NK (Natural Killer) cell

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Cytokines that serve as communcators between leukocytes (white Blood cells) are known as

______________.

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Interleukins

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This is a small family of cytokines that induce migration of leukocytes into areas of infection or tissue damage.

 

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Chemokines

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This type of cytokine, protect cells form viral infection and are available as commercial products in treating disease conditions such as hepatitis and some cancers.
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interferon

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Chemical messengers that are soluble proteins or glycoproteins, that are produced by all cells in the immune system in response to a stimulis.
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Cytokines

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These cytokines are a strong factor in inflammatory reactions of autoimmune diseases such a rhematoid arthritis and known by abbreviations TNF-a.
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Tumor necrosis factor

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Which cells (T or B) make antibodies?
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B cells

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What is a good example of a hapten?
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Penicillin

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Where are T cell and B cells primarilly found in?
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Blood and Lymphoid organs
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The strength of a Bond between an antigen and antibody is called?

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Affinity

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Antibodies have the capability of recognizing  the shape of an antigens  epitope.  This is called?
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Specificity

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These secondary lymphoid organs are located on the intestinal wall and are where M (microfold) cells are located.

 

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Peyers patches

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The recognition of antigens by a T cell requires that they be first processed by
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APC (antigen presenting cells)

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Naturally acquired immunity  develops when
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a person is exposed to antifens, becomes ill and then recovers.  (ex measles)
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This involves the natural transfer of antibodies from a mother to her infant.  This type of immunity can last a few months.

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Naturally aqcuired passive immunity

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This type of immunity is the result of vaccination and can be long lasting

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Artificially acquired active immunity

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This type of immunity involves the injection of antibodies

(rather then antigens) into the body.  This type of immunity can last up to a few months

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Artificially acquired passive immunity

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This introduces vaccines in to the body.

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Vaccination or immunization

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A generic term for blood derived fluids that contain  antibodies

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Antiserum

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The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens is called

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Serology

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The response of the body to the first contact of an antigen is called_______ and is characterized by the appearance of Igm and IgG.

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Primary Response

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Overproduction of cytokines leads to ____________ which leads to tissue damage.

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Cytokine storm

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Immunity resulty from infection is called ____________ and may be long lasting.
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Naturally acquired long lasting immunity

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