Chapter 16; Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood
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1. Discuss four theories of socioemotional development and aging.
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Erikson's theory Activity theory Socioemotional selectivity theory Selective optimization with compensation theory
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Personality
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Transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in following aspects of conscientiousness Impulse control, reliability, and conventionality Higher conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness were related to a lower risk of earlier death
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Families and social relationships of aging adults.
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Lifestyle diversity Older adult parents and their adult children Friendship Social support and social integration Altruism and volunteerism
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Families and social relationships of aging adults.
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About 80% of older adults have living children, many of whom are middle-aged Adult daughters are more likely to be involved in the lives of aging parents Adult children often coordinate and monitor services for aging disabled parents
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Explain how to age successfully.
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Many abilities can be maintained and/or improved in older adults due to: Proper diet Active lifestyle Mental stimulation and flexibility Positive coping skills Good social relationships and support Absence of disease
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1. Erikson's Theory Have a good understanding of Erikson's eighth and final stage of development:
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Integrity vs. despair: Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent
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1a. Integrity versus despair Several application questions regarding Integrity versus despair.
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Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent
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1b. What does life review involve and some benefits? Review aspects of life review on Page 362.
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Looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting/reinterpreting them
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2. Activity Theory (review all)
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The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
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3. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (review all)
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Older adults become more selective about their social networks, spending more time with individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships
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4. Selective Optimization With Compensation Theory (review all) In reviewing the above theories (2, 3 & 4), which holds the most positive view of the abilities of elderly adults?
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: Successful aging is linked with three main factors: Being active Engage in challenging cognitive actives Maximizing psychological resources
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4a. Selection -
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Older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains
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5. Personality Review what researchers have found RE: Big Five factors of personality in late adulthood. Review last sentence in the first paragraph.
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p402
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7. Health Care (review all)
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1/3 covers adults 65 and older.
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7. Eldercare (review all): Have an understanding of eldercare
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Physical and emotional caretaking of older members of the family Whether that care is day-to-day physical assistance or responsibility for arranging and overseeing such care Technology
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7. Know what factor most contributes to the surging healthcare costs of our elderly population?
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The large amount of people living past 65.
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7. Policy Issues in an Aging Society Status of the Economy and Income (review all)
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Savings at a all time low Confidence to retire is at an all time low.
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7. Know: More elderly African-American women experience some degree of poverty than do elderly
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women from other ethnic groups.
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7. Know: African-American women that live alone are most likely to live in
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poverty.
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7. The poverty rate for older adult females is almost _____ of older male adults.
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Double
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7. Women face double jeopardy of what?
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Ageism and Sexism
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7. Stereotyping of Older Adults Have an understanding of ageism and what the perception of the older adult is.
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: Prejudice against others because of their age They are frail and weak and they need help rather than they can give help.
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7. Stereotypes, research indicates that the most frequent form is disrespect for older adults, followed by assumptions about __________ or _____________ caused by age.
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Ailments; frailty
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8. Friendship How do older adults benefit from friendships?
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In late adulthood, new friendships are less likely to be forged and close friends are chosen over new friends Individuals with close ties to friends were less likely to die across a seven-year age span
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9. Ethnicity Review all and focus on .
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Elderly ethnic minority individuals face both ageism and racism Despite stress and discrimination many ethnic minority individuals have developed coping mechanisms that allow them to survive
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9. What churches in African American and Latino communities provide
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Avenues for meaningful social participation, feelings of power, and a sense of internal satisfaction.
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10. Femininity and masculinity. Gender
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Some developmentalists believe that there is decreasing femininity in women and decreasing masculinity in men during late adulthood Older men often become more feminine, but women do not necessarily become more masculine Older adult females face ageism and sexism
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11. Ageism and racism as it relates to African Americans.
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double jeopardy. p.408
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12. Lifestyle Diversity
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Older adult parents and their adult children Friendship
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Social support and social integration
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Social convoy model of social relations: Individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give and from whom they receive social support Older adults have fewer peripheral social contacts and more emotionally positive contacts with friends and family A low level of social integration is linked with coronary heart disease in older adults
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Altruism and volunteerism
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Older adults who had persistently low or declining feelings of usefulness to others had an increased risk of earlier death Volunteering is associated with a number of positive outcomes Constructive activities Productive roles Social integration Enhanced meaningfulness
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13. Married Older Adults Review the 2004 Study and what the researchers found.
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In 2010, 57% of U.S. adults over 65 were married; 27% of older adult women were widows Marital satisfaction is greater in older adults than middle-aged adults Older adults who are married or partnered are usually happier and live longer than those who are single
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Cohabiting older adults
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In 2010, 3 percent of older adults were cohabiting
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Divorced and remarried older adults
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In 2010, 11 percent of women and 9 percent of men 65 years and older in the United States were divorced or separated Divorce has social, financial, and physical consequences Remarriage is increasing due to: Rising divorce rates Increased longevity Better health
