Chapter 16 Endocrine System – Flashcards
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pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri
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approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain; divided into two lobes; often referred to as the master gland because it produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands
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anterior lobe or adenohypophysis
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produces and secretes growth, adrenocorticotropic, throid-stimulating, gonadotropic, follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, prolactin or lactogenic hormones
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growth hromone (GH)
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regulates the growth of the body; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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stimulates the adrenal cortex; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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stimulates the thyroid gland; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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gonadotropic hormones
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affect the male and female reproductive systems; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
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regulate development, growth, and function of the ovaries and testes
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prolactin or lactogenic hormone (PRL)
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promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces mild after birth of an infant; produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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posterior lobe or neurohypophysis
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stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water; released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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oxytocin
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stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum; released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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hypothalamus
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located near the pituitary gland in the brain; secretes "releasing" hormone that functions to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones
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thyroid gland
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largest endocrine gland; located in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus; secretes hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which require iodine for their production
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parathyroid glands
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four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid; parathormone (PTH), the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood
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islets of langerhans
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clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucogon
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adrenal glands or suprarenals
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paired glands, one of which is located above each kidney; the outer portion is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner portion is called the adrenal medulla
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cortisol
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secreted by the adrenal cortex; it aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy; also called hydrocortisone
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aldosterone
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secreted by the adrenal cortex; electrolytes (mineral salts) that are necessary for the normal body function are regulated by this hormone
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epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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secreted by the adrenal medulla; these hormones help the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations
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aden/o
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gland
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adren/o, adrenal/o
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adrenal glands
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cortic/o
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cortex (the outer layer of a body organ)
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endocrin/o
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endocrine
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parathyroid/o
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parathyroid glands
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pituitar/o
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pituitary gland
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thyroid/o, thyr/o
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thyroid gland
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acr/o
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extremities, height
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calc/i
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calcium
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dips/o
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thirst
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kal/i
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potassium
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natr/o
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sodium
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-drome
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run, running
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acromegaly
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enlargement of the extremities (and bones of the face, hands, and feet caused by excessive production of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland after puberty)
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adenitis
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inflammation of a gland
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adenomegaly
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enlargement of a gland
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adenosis
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abnormal condition of a gland
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adrenalitis
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inflammation of the adrenal glands
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adrenomegaly
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enlargement (of one or both) of the adrenal glands
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hypercalcemia
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excessive calcium in the blood
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hyperglycemia
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excessive sugar in the blood
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hyperkalemia
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excessive potassium in the blood
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hyperpituitarism
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state of excessive pituitary gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of pituitary hormones)
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hyperthyroidism
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state of excessive thyroid gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones)
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hypocalcemia
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deficient calcium in the blood
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hypoglycemia
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deficient sugar in the blood
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hypokalemia
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deficient potassium in the blood
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hyponatremia
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deficient sodium in the blood
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hypopituitarism
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state of deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones, which can affect the function of the target endocrine gland
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hypothryoidism
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state of deficient thyroid gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of thyroid hormones)
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panhypopituitarism
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state of total deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of all the pituitary hormones; this is a more serious condition in that it affects the function of all the other endocrine glands
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parathyroidoma
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tumor of a parathyroid gland
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thryoiditis
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inflammation of the thyroid gland
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acidosis
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condition brought about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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addison disease
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chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex; symptoms may include weakness, darkening of skin, loss of appetitie, depression, and other emotional problems
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cretinism
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condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy (wasting away) of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism; the disease is characterized by puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and dwarfism
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cushing syndrome
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group of symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex; this syndrome may be a result of a pituitary tumor or a primary adrenal gland dysfunction; symptoms include abnormally pigmented skin, "moon face," pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, " buffalo hump" (fat on the upper back), and wasting away of muscle
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diabetes insipidus (DI)
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result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; symptoms include excessive thirst (polydipisia) and large amounts of urine (polyuria) and sodium being excreted from the body
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diabetes mellitus (DM)
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chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by underactivity of the islets of langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia); can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy
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gigantism
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condition brought about by the overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty
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goiter
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enlargement of the thyroid gland
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graves disease
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a disorder of the thryroid gland characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos
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ketosis
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condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat meabolism
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myxedema
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condition resulting from a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hypothyroidism in an adult; symptoms include puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia
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pheochromocytoma
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tumor of the adrenal medulla, which is usually benign and characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain; surgical removal of the tumor is the most common treatment; can be fatal if untreated
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tetany
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condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone
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thyrotoxicosis
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a condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones
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adenectomy
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excision of a gland
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adrenalectomy
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excision of (one or both) adrenal glands
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parathyroidectomy
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excision of (one or more) parathyroid glands
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thyroidotomy
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incision of the thyroid gland
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thyroparathyoidectomy
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excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
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radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
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a nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function; radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured
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thyroid scan
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a nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape, and function, of the thryoid gland; the patient is given a radioactive substance to visualize the thyroid gland; and image is recorded as the scanner is passed over the neck area, used to detect tumors and nodules
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fasting blood sugar (FBS)
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a blood test performed after the patient has fated for 8 to 10 hours to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood at the time of the test; elevation may indicate diabetes mellitus
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glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)
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a blood test that measures the average blood sugar concentration over the live span of the red blood cell; results indicate the patient's average blood sugar level for the 6 to 8 weeks before the test, making it a useful took in monitoring diabetes treatment; also called hemoglobin A1C
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thyroid-stimulating hormone level
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a blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose hyperthryoidism and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy
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thyroxine level (T4)
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a blood study that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient's blood; a greater-than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less-than-normal amount indicates hypotheroidism
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adrenocorticohyperplasia
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excessive development of the adrenal cortex
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adrenopathy
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disease of the adrenal gland
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cortical
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pertaining to the cortex
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corticoid
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resembling the cortex
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endocrinologist
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a physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system
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endocrinology
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the study of the endocrine system; a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the endocrine system
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endocrinopathy
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any disease of the endocrine system
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euglycemia
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normal (level of) sugar in the blood (within normal range)
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euthyroid
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resembling a normal thyroid gland (normal thyroid function)
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polydipsia
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abnormal state of much thirst
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syndrome
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(set of symptoms that) run (occur) together
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exophthalmos
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abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
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hormone
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a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue
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isthmus
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narrow strip of tissue connecting two large parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland
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metabolism
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sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism
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DI
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diabetes insipidus
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DM
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diabetes mellitus
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FBS
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fasting blood sugar
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HbA1C
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glycosylated hemoglobin
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RAIU
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radioactive iodine uptake
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T4
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thyroxine level
