Chapter 16 AP US History – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
''great upheaval'' of 1886"
answer
A wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation in 1886.
question
standard gauge
answer
A standard distance separating the two tracks adopting in 1886 that allowed for the first time trains of one company to travel on another company's track.
question
railroad time zones
answer
In 1883, the major rail companies divided the national into four time zones still in use today.
question
vertical integration
answer
Company�s avoidance of middlemen by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its product.
question
Standard Oil Company
answer
Founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller in Cleveland, Ohio, it soon grew into the nation�s first industry-dominating trust; the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was enacted in part to combat abuses by Standard Oil.
question
''captains of industry'' v. ''robber barons''
answer
Opposing viewpoints that industrial leaders were either beneficial for the economy or wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated market.
question
''The Significance of the Frontier in American History''
answer
A lecture given by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 arguing that the western frontier had forged the distinctive qualities of American culture: individual freedom, political democracy, and economic mobility.
question
bonanza farming
answer
Farms that covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers.
question
Dawes Act
answer
Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians; broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers.
question
Ghost Dance
answer
A religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements led by earlier prophets.
question
greenbacks
answer
Paper money declared to be legal tender printed by the government.
question
Civil Service Act of 1883
answer
Established the Civil Service Commission and marked the end of the spoils system.
question
Interstate Commerce Commission
answer
Reacting to the U.S. Supreme Court�s ruling in Wabash Railroad v. Illinois (1886), Congress established the ICC to curb abuses in the railroad industry by regulating rates.
question
Patrons of Husbandry
answer
An educational and social organization for farmers founded in 1867
question
iron law of supply and demand
answer
The economic theory that determined wages and prices for goods and services.
question
Term Social Darwinism
answer
Application of Charles Darwin�s theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of the �survival of the fittest� to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty.
question
liberty of contract
answer
The idea that contracts reconciled freedom and authority in the workplace.
question
Lochner v. New York
answer
Decision by Supreme Court overturning a New York law establishing a limit on the number of hours per week bakers could be compelled to work; �Lochnerism� became a way of describing the liberty of contract jurisprudence, which opposed all governmental intervention in the economy.
question
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
answer
Interstate strike, crushed by federal troops, which resulted in extensive property damage and many deaths.
question
Knights of Labor
answer
Founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s; supplanted by the American Federation of Labor.
question
Social Gospel
answer
Preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization.
