Chapter 14: Treatments of Psychological Disorders – Flashcards

The mass movement of patients with psychological disorders out of mental institutions, and the attempt to reintegrate them into the community

Drugs and other physical interventions that target the biological processes underlying psychological disorders; primary goal is to reduce symptoms

"Talk therapy"; a treatment approach in which a client works with a mental health professional to reduce psychological symptoms and improve quality of life

A type of psychotherapy aimed at increasing awareness of self and the environment

Focus on behavioral change

Drawing on multiple theories and approaches to therapy to tailor treatment for a client

moral treatment

symptoms

Deinstitutionalization was the mass movement of patients with psychological disorders out of mental institutions, in an attempt to reintegrate them into the community. Deinstitutionalization was partially the result of a movement to reduce the social isolation of people with psychological disorders. This movement marked the beginning of new treatment modalities that allowed individuals to better care for themselves and function in society. However, many former patients ended up living on the streets or behind bars. Many people locked up in American jails and prisons are suffering from mental health problems

The apparent meaning of a dream; the remembered story line of a dream

A psychoanalytic technique in which a patient says anything that comes to mind

A psychoanalytic technique used to discover unconscious conflicts driving behavior

A patient's unwillingness to cooperate in therapy, a sign of unconscious conflict

A type of resistance that occurs when a patient reacts to a therapist as if dealing with parents or other caregivers from childhood

A type of insight therapy that incorporates core psychoanalytic themes, including the importance of unconscious conflicts and experiences from the past

A type of insight therapy that emphasizes the positive nature of humankind

A form of humanistic therapy developed by Rogers; aimed at helping clients achieve their full potential

A technique used in person-centered therapy wherein the therapist follows the lead of the client during treatment sessions

A warm and accepting client-therapist relationship that serves as a safe place for self-exploration

- Empathy - Genuineness - Active listening

The ability to feel what a person is experiencing by attempting to observe the world through the client's eyes

The ability to respond to a client in an authentic way rather than hiding behind a polite or professional mask

The ability to pick up on the content and emotions behind words in order to understand a client's perspective, often by echoing the main point of what the client says

Resistance

Humanistic

Empathy

Psychoanalysis, the first formal system of psychotherapy, attempts to increase awareness of unconscious conflicts, making it possible to address and work through them. The therapist's goal is to uncover these unconscious conflicts. Psychodynamic therapy is an updated form of psychoanalysis; it incorporates many of Freud's core themes, including the notion that personality characteristics and behavior problems often can be traced to unconscious conflicts. In psychodynamic therapy, therapists see clients once a week for several months rather than many times a week for years. And instead of sitting quietly off to the side, therapists and clients sit face-to-face and engage in a two-way dialogue.

A therapeutic technique that brings a person into contact with a feared object or situation while in a safe environment, with the goal of extinguishing or eliminating the fear response

A treatment that combines anxiety hierarchies with relaxation techniques

Therapeutic approach that uses the principles of classical conditioning to link problematic behaviors to unpleasant physical reactions

Therapeutic approach in which behaviors are shaped through reinforcement and punishment

A treatment approach that uses behavior modification to harness the power of reinforcement to encourage good behavior

Behavior

Anxiety hierarchy

Aversion therapy

A type of therapy aimed at addressing the maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings

A cognitive distortion that assumes self-contained events will have major repercussions

The goal of REBT is to help people identify their irrational or illogical thoughts and convert them into rational ones. An REBT therapist uses the ABC model to understand a client's problems. Point A represents an Activating event in the client's life ("My boss fired me"); point B stands for the irrational Beliefs that follow ("I will never be able to hold a steady job"); and point C represents the emotional Consequences ("I feel hopeless and depressed"). Therapy focuses on addressing point B, the irrational beliefs causing distress. If all goes well, the client successfully reaches point D: Disputing flawed beliefs ("Losing one job does not spell the end of my career"), and that leads to point E: an Effective new philosophy ("I can apply for another job"), a mature and realistic perspective on life

An action-oriented type of therapy that requires clients to confront and resist their illogical thinking

Cognitive therapy

Rational emotive behavior

Behavior therapies focus on behavioral change, with the belief that the key to resolving problems is not understanding their origins. Using the learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning, behavior therapy aims to replace maladaptive behaviors with more adaptive behaviors. It incorporates a variety of techniques, including exposure therapy, aversion therapy, systematic desensitization, and behavior modification. Behavior therapy covers a broad range of treatment approaches, and focuses on observable behaviors in the present. Cognitive therapy is a type of therapy aimed at addressing the maladaptive thinking that leads to negative behaviors and feelings. The aim of cognitive therapy is to help clients recognize and resist their own cognitive distortions and illogical thoughts in short-term, action-oriented, and homework-intensive therapy sessions. The goal of both approaches is to change the way an individual works or functions in the world. One major difference is that behavioral therapy focuses on behaviors, whereas cognitive therapy focuses on thinking—the way an individual views the world, and views herself in the world.

A type of therapy that focuses on the family as an integrated system, recognizing that the interactions within it can create instability or lead to the breakdown of the family unit

Group therapy

self-help groups

Group therapy would be inappropriate for an individual who is not comfortable talking or interacting with others and is unwilling to share his or her own thoughts, feelings, or problems. A group may fail if group members do not get along, are continually late for meetings, or drop out. The skills of the group therapist also play a role in the success of treatment (for example, empathy, facilitation skills, observation skills)

Psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression

Chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse

An inert substance given to members of the control group; the fake treatment that has no benefit, but is administered as if it does

Psychotropic medications that minimize the lows of depression and the highs of mania

Psychotropic medication used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions

Psychotropic medications used for treating the symptoms of anxiety

A biomedical treatment of severe depression that induces seizures in the brain through electrical currents

ECT

Antidepressants

Neurosurgery

Biomedical therapies use physical interventions to treat psychological disorders. These therapies can be categorized according to the method by which they influence the brain's functioning: chemical, electrical, or structural. Psychotherapy is a treatment approach in which a client works with a mental health professional to reduce psychological symptoms and increase his or her quality of life. These approaches share common features: The relationship between the client and the treatment provider is of utmost importance, as is a sense of hope that things will get better. And these approaches generally seek to reduce symptoms and increase the quality of life, whether a person is struggling with a psychological disorder or simply wants to be more fulfilled.

A category of treatment that utilizes the Internet to provide support and therapy

more; the same

licensing issues; privacy issues; limited empirical support

In general, therapy "works," especially if it is long-term. All approaches to psychotherapy perform equally well across all disorders. But individuals whose insurance companies limit their choice of therapists and how long they can receive treatment do not experience the same improvement as those who are less restricted. In addition, people who start therapy but then decide to stop it experience less successful outcomes. The client's cultural experience is important to keep in mind. Within any group, there is vast variation from one individual to the next, but it is still necessary for therapists to understand the cultural context in which they work. This includes being respectful of cultural norms and sensitive to the many forms of prejudice and discrimination that people can experience.