question

Which part of the brain is the largest?

answer

The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum.

question

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?

answer

From superficial to deep, the three cranial meninges are the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

question

Which brain region is anterior to the fourth ventricle? Which is posterior to it?

answer

The brain stem is anterior to the fourth ventricle, and the cerebellum is posterior to it.

question

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

answer

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi that project into the dural venous sinuses.

question

What part of the brain stem contains the pyramids?

answer

The medulla oblongata contains the pyramids.

question

What part of the brain stem contains the pyramids?

answer

The midbrain contains the cerebral peduncles.

question

Literally means "bridge"?

answer

Pons means "bridge".

question

What does decussation mean?

answer

Decussation means crossing to the opposite side.

question

What is the functional consequence of decussation of the pyramids?

answer

The functional consequence of decussation of the pyramids is that each side of the cerebrum controls muscles on the opposite side of the body.

question

What is the importance of the cerebral peduncles?

answer

The cerebral peduncles are the main sites through which tracts extend and nerve impulses are conducted between the superior parts of the brain and the inferior parts of the brain and the spinal cord.

question

Which structures contain the axons that carry information into and out of the cerebellum?

answer

The cerebellar peduncles carry information into and out of the cerebellum.

question

What structure usually connects the right and left halves of the thalamus?

answer

In about 70% of human brains, the intermediate mass connects the right and left halves of the thalamus.

question

What are the four major regions of the hypothalamus, from posterior to anterior?

answer

From posterior to anterior, the four major regions of the hypothalamus are the mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, and preoptic regions.

question

During development, does the gray matter or the white matter enlarge more rapidly? What are the brain folds, shallow grooves, and deep grooves called?

answer

The gray matter enlarges more rapidly during development, in the process producing convolutions or gyri (folds), sulci (shallow grooves), and fissures (deep grooves).

question

Which tracts carry impulses between gyri of the same hemisphere?

answer

Association tracts connect gyri of the same hemisphere.

question

Which tracts carry impulses between gyri in opposite hemispheres?

answer

Commisural tracts connect gyri in opposite hemispheres.

question

Which tracts carry impulses between the cerebrum and thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord?

answer

Projection tracts connect the cerebrum with the thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord.

question

Where are the basal nuclei located relative to the thalamus?

answer

The basal nuclei are lateral, superior, and inferior to the thalamus.

question

Which part of the limbic system functions with the cerebrum in memory?

answer

The hippocampus is the part of the limbic system that functions with the cerebrum in memory.

question

What area of the cerebrum integrates interpretaion of visual, auditory, and somatic sensations?

answer

The common integrative association area integrates interpretation of visual, auditory, and somatic sensations.

question

Which area of the cerebrum translates thoughts into speech?

answer

Broca's speech area translates thoughts into speech.

question

Which area of the cerebrum interprets sensations related to taste?

answer

The primary gustatory area interprets sensations related to taste.

question

What area of the cerebrum controls skilled muscular movements?

answer

The premotor area controls skilled muscular movements.

question

What area of the cerebrum interprets pitch and rhythm?

answer

The primary auditory area allows you to interpret pitch and rhythm.

question

What area of the cerebrum interprets shape, color, and movement of objects?

answer

The primary visual area allows you to interpret shape, color, and movement of objects.

question

What area of the cerebrum controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes?

answer

The frontal eye field area controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes.

question

Which type of brain wave indicates emotional stress?

answer

In an EEG, theta waves indicate emotional stress.

question

Where do axons in the olfactory tracts terminate?

answer

Axons in the olfactory tracts terminate in the primary olfactory area in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

question

Where do most axons in the optic tracts terminate?

answer

Most axons in the optic tracts terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

question

Which branch of the oculomotor nerve is distributed to the superior rectus muscle?

answer

The superior branch of the oculomotor nerve is distributed to the superior rectus muscle.

question

Which is the smallest cranial nerve.

answer

The trochlear neve is the smallest cranial nerve.

question

How does the trigeminal nerve compare in size with the other cranial nerves?

answer

The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve.

question

Where do the motor axons of the facial nerve originate?

answer

Motor axons of the facial nerve originate in the pons.

question

What structures are found in the vestibular ganglia?

answer

The vestibular ganglion contains cell bodies from sensory axons that arise in the semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle.

question

What structures are found in the spiral ganglia?

answer

The spiral ganglion contains cell bodies from axons that arise in the spiral organ of the cochlea.

question

Through which foramen does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull?

answer

The glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull through the jugular foramen.

question

Where is the vagus nerve located in the neck region?

answer

The vagus nerve is located medial and posterior to the internal jugular vein and common carotid artery in the neck.

question

How does the accessory nerve differ from the other cranial nerves?

answer

The accessory nerve is the only cranial nerve that originates from both the brain and spinal cord.

question

What important motor functions are related to the hypoglossal nerve?

answer

Two important motor functions of the hypoglossal nerve are speech and swallowing.

question

What is the origin of the gray matter of the nervous system?

answer

The gray matter of the nervous system derives from the mantel layer cells of the neural tube.

question

Which primary brain vesicle does not develop into a secondary brain vesicle?

answer

The mesencephalon does not develop into a secondary brain vesicle.

question

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

answer

Medulla

question

What structures make up the limbic system?

answer

Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, anterior nucleus, medial nucleus, olfactory bulbs, fornix, stria terminalis, stria medullaris, medial forebrain bundle, and mammillothalamic tract.

question

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

answer

Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

question

Which meninges has two layers?

answer

Cranial Dura Mater

question

Which gland is directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

answer

Anterior Pituitary Gland

question

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.

answer

The dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord.

question

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children?

answer

Theta

question

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ________.

answer

Hypothalamus

question

True or False: A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.

answer

True

question

What cells line the ventricles of the brain?

answer

Ependymal Cells

question

True or False: Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.

answer

False

question

This region of the brain serves as the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem.

answer

Thalamus

question

During brain development, the gyri of the cerebrum are formed because

answer

The gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter.

question

The medial lemniscus is a band of white matter that extends through

answer

The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain.

question

Broca's area ________.

answer

Is considered a motor speech area

question

Which structures are directly involved in memory?

answer

Association areas of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; Parts of the limbic system, especially the hippocampus and amygdala; and the Diencephalon.

question

The cerebellar cortex consists of folia, which are

answer

Parallel folds of gray matter

question

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

answer

Visual Association Area

question

This portion of the cerebellum contributes to equilibrium and balance.

answer

Flocculomodular Lobe

question

Declarative memory ________.

answer

Is the ability to learn specific information.

question

True or False: The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves.

answer

True

question

True or False: The cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved in regulating motor activity, starting and stopping movements, and coordinating postural movements.

answer

True

question

What does the vagus nerve innervate?

answer

Muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate that are used in swallowing, vocalization and coughing; Lungs, heart, glands of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; Smooth muscle of the respiratory passageways, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.

question

Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.

answer

Afferent Nerves

question

The brain and spinal cord develop from the ______ neural tube.

answer

Ectodermal

question

This brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct.

answer

Mesencephalon

question

What are the major regions of the brain?

answer

Brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.

question

Which brain structure consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain?

answer

Brain Stem

question

Which brain structure consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus?

answer

Diencephalon

question

Which meninges has two layers?

answer

Cranial Dura Mater

question

This extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

answer

Falx Cerebri

question

The adult brain represents only ____ of the total body weight.

answer

2%

question

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

answer

Blood Brain Barrier

question

Cerebrospinal fluid carries small amounts of chemicals like glucose from the ______ to neurons and neuroglia.

answer

Blood

question

What is the fluid-filled cavity located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?

answer

Lateral Ventricle

question

This is a narrow fluid-filled cavity found along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus.

answer

Third Ventricle

question

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

answer

Mechanical protection, pH homeostasis, and circulation.

question

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

answer

Choroid Plexuses

question

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed through these fingerlike projections found in the dural venous sinuses.

answer

Arachnoid Villi

question

This is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends throughout the brainstem and functions to help maintain consciousness.

answer

Reticular Formation

question

This region of the brain contains pneumotaxic and apneustic areas that help control respiration.

answer

Pons

question

Pyramids are

answer

White matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata.

question

What are medullary nuclei?

answer

Masses of gray matter in the medulla oblongata.

question

Which region of the brain contains the inferior olivary nucleus?

answer

Medulla Oblongata

question

The medial lemniscus is a band of white matter that extends through

answer

The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain.

question

Which nuclei are found in the pons?

answer

Pontine nuclei, pneumotaxic area, and apneustic area.

question

Which nucleus found in the midbrain releases dopamine?

answer

Substantia Nigra

question

The cerebellar cortex consists of folia, which are

answer

Parallel folds of gray matter.

question

This structure carries sensory information coming from proprioceptors found in the trunk and limbs into the cerebellum.

answer

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

question

This region of the brain serves as the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem.

answer

Thalamus

question

Which nuclei are found in the thalamus?

answer

Anterior nucleus, medial nuclei, lateral dorsal nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar nucleus, ventral anterior nucleus, ventral lateral nucleus, ventral posterior nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, intralaminar nuclei, midline nucleus, and reticular nucleus.

question

What is controlled by the hypothalamus?

answer

Control of the ANS, production of hormones, regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns, regulation of eating and drinking, control of body temperature, regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness.

question

Which gland is directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

answer

Anterior Pituitary Gland

question

Which region of the brain contains the pineal gland?

answer

Epithalamus

question

During brain development, the gyri of the cerebrum are formed because

answer

The gray matter grows faster than the underlying white matter.

question

Which structure conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

answer

Corpus Callosum

question

This portion of the limbic system lies between the hippocampus and the parahippocampus gyrus.

answer

Dentate Gyrus

question

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for sensing body touch and temperature?

answer

Primary Somatosensory Area

question

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for vision?

answer

Primary Visual Area

question

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for conscious movements of the body?

answer

Primary Motor Area

question

Which functional area of the cerebrum is responsible for speech?

answer

Broca's Area

question

Which cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball?

answer

III, IV, and VI

question

Cranial nerve V is also known as the _______________nerve.

answer

Trigeminal

question

Which cranial nerve is responsible for regulating visceral activity?

answer

Vagus

question

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for changing facial expressions?

answer

Facial

question

Hand preference when writing or throwing is an example of

answer

Hemispheric Lateralization

question

An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves primarily generated by

answer

Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex

question

This type of brain wave occurs at regular intervals when a person is awake but not when a person is sleeping.

answer

Beta Waves

question

Brain waves that appear in adults and children during periods of emotional stress are called

answer

Theta Waves

question

Brain waves that appear during deep sleep are called

answer

Delta Waves

question

Blood flows to the brain through the ________ arteries and away from the brain through the _______ vein.

answer

internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular

question

Describe the structure of the blood-brain barrier that provides its functional characteristics.

answer

Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain.

question

A deep indentation found along the medial plane that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the

answer

Longitudinal Fissure

question

The central sulcus of the cerebrum separates the

answer

Frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

question

This lobe of the cerebrum is found deep to the other four lobes and thus cannot be observed from the surface.

answer

Insula

question

Which type of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

answer

Association Tracts

question

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

answer

Basal Nuclei

question

Damage to this portion of the limbic system results in loss of memory of recent events and difficulty committing anything new to memory.

answer

Hippocampus

question

A common type of disabling senile dementia that affects about 11% of the population over 65 and results in loss of reasoning and ability to care for oneself, is called

answer

Alzheimer Disease

question

Which nerves are purely motor?

answer

Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Accessory, and Hypoglossal.

question

What do autonomic motor neurons do?

answer

Regulate visceral activities by either increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities in their effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands).

question

The motor axons of the accessory nerve originate in:

answer

Anterior gray horn of first 5 segments of the cervical region of the spinal cord.

question

In what portion of the brain does the hypoglossal nucleus originate?

answer

Medulla Oblongata

Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards