Chapter 14: Lymphatic & Immune System – Flashcards
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lymph
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clear, watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of thin walled lymph vessels that extends throughout the body. It is rich in two types of WBCs (leukocytes): lymphocytes and monocytes.
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interstitial fluid
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the fluid that surrounds body cells, this fluid becomes lymph when it enter lymph capillaries
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immune system
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the defense of the body against foreign organisms such as bacteria and viruses
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lymph nodes
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collection of stationary lymphatic tissue
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cervical
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neck
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axillary
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armpit
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mediastinal
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chest
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mesenteric
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intestinal
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paraaortic
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lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist region)
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inguinal
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groin
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tonsils
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masses of lymph tissue in the throat near the back of the mouth (oropharynx)
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adenoids
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enlarged lymph tissue in the part of the throat near the nasal passage (nasopharynx)
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right lymphatic duct
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drains the right side of the head and the chest (drains much smaller area than thoracic duct), empties into large veins in the neck
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thoracic duct
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drains the lower body and the left side of the head, empties into large veins in the neck
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macrophages
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located in: lymph nodes, the liver, spleen, and lungs
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B lymphocytes (B cells)
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produce antibodies against antigens, part of adaptive immunity
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T lymphocytes (T cells)
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attack bacteria and foreign cells by accurately recognizing/remembering a cell as foreign and destroying it and producing a stronger attack each time, part of adaptive immunity
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spleen
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located in the LUQ of the abdomen. functions: destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages, filtration of microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood, activation of lymphocytes, storage of blood.
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splenectomy
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removal of the spleen
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thymus gland
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a lymphatic organ located in the upper mediastinum b/w the lungs, larger in childhood, and as one grows up it becomes smaller.
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thymectomy
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removal of the thymus
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tolerance
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the acceptance of self-antigens
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antigens
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toxins, bacterial proteins, or foregone blood cells
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immunity
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the body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
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natural immunity
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resistance present at birth, no prior exposure to antigens, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells
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adaptive immunity
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the body's ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response. Lymphocytes: T&B cells, antibodies produced after exposure to antigen, memory: second exposure elicits a faster response, vaccination, antitoxins ,immunoglobulins , and maternal antibodies.
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vaccination
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adaptive immunity that triggers B-cells to be made after being injected with a killed virus
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maternal antibodies
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infants are given adaptive immunity when they receive this through the placenta and breast milk
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adaptive immunity two components:
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humoral immunity & cell-mediated immunity
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humoral immunity
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involves B cells; B lymphocytes produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens (viruses&bacteria)
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cell-mediated
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involves T cells;
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plasma cell
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what B-cells mature into and what produces the antibodies/immunoglobulins: IgM, IgA,IgG,IgE,&IgD
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IgG
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crosses the placenta to provide immunity for newborns
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IgE
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important in allergic reactions and in fighting parasitic infections
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cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+T cells)
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attach to antigens and directly kill them; secrete cytokines
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helper T-cells (CD4 + T cells)
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assist B cells in making antibodies and they stimulate T cells to attack antigens
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supressor T cells, regulatory T cells, (Tregs)
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inhibit both B and T cells and prevent them from attacking the body's own good cells
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complement system
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a group of proteins that help antibodies kill their target
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dendritic cell
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initiates adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T and B cells
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monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
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antibodies created in a laboratory by special repercussive (cloning) techniques, they are designed to attach specific cancer cells
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vaccines
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preparations contain antigens (proteins) from a patient's tumor cells, which stimulate the patient's T-cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells
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transfer of immune cells
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in bone marrow transplant, T lymphocytes from a donor can replace a patens immune system with new cells that recognize tumor cells as foreign and kill them
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antigen
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substance that the body recognizes as foreign and evokes an immune response
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interferons
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proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
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interleukins
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proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
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lymphoid organs
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lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
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immun/o
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protection
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auto/immun/e disease
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disease against protection of oneself
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immun/o/globulin
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protein that protects
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immun/o/suppression
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condition of suppressing one self (or ones own immune system)
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lymph/o/poiesis
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formation of lymph
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lymph/edema
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swelling of lymph
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lymph/o/cyt/o/penia
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deficiency of lymph cells
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lymph/o/cytosis
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abnormal condition of/increase in lymph cells
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-oid
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resembling or derived from
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lymph/oid
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resembling/ derived from lymph
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lypmhpaden/o
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lymph nodes/glands
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lymphaden/o/pathy
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disease of lymph nodes
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lymphaden/itis
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inflammation of lymph nodes
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splen/o
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spleen
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splen/o/megaly
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enlargement of the spleen
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splen/ectomy
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removal of the spleen
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a/splen/ia
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condition of without a spleen
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hyper/splen/ism
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condition of excessive spleen
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thym/ectomy
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removal of the thymus gland
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tox/o
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poison
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tox/ic
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pertaining to poison
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-phylaxis
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protection
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ana-
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again, new
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ana/phylaxis
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protection again; hypersensitivity to previously encountered foreign proteins or other antigens
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inter/stitial fluid
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pertaining to fluid between
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serve combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
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infants are born with a deficiency of B cells and T cells, resulting in lack of immunity
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems - caused by (HIV) human immunodeficiency virus, which destroys helper T-cells
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opportunistic infections
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infectious diseases associated with AIDS because HIV lowers resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that are easily otherwise contained by normal defenses
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candidiasis
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yeast like fungus (candida) normally present in the mouth, skin, and intestinal tract, vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth, respiratory tract, and skin
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cryptococcal infection (crypto)
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yeast- like fungus (cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections. pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil
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cryptosporidiosis
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parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord the pathogen, cryptosporidium, is a one celled organism commonly found in farm animals
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cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
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virus causes enteritis and retinitis. found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, breast milk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised
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herpes simplex
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viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals, can lead to encephalitis
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histoplasmois (Histo)
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fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with histoplasma capsulatum, causes fever, chills, and lung infection. pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings
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myobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection
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bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections
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pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
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one celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough and chest pain. pathogen is found in the air, water, and soil, and is carried by animals
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toxoplasmosis (Toxo)
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parasitic infection involving the central nervous system and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis, and seizures. pathogen is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products or raw eggs and vegetables
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tuberculosis (TB)
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bacterial disease involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. sign and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum
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Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
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cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodules
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lypmh/oma
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cancer of lymph nodes
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wasting syndrome
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marked by weight loss and decrease in mm. strength, petite, and mental activity, also may occur with AIDS
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HIV-postitive
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persons who were exposed to HIV and now have antibodies in their blood against this virus
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reverse transcriptase (RT) or reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)
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drugs that are used to treat AIDS
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protease inhibitors
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these drugs inhibit another viral enzyme called protease
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HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
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combination of using RTIs and protease inhibitors
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allergy
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abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
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allergic
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reactions occurs when a sensitized person, who has previously been exposed to an agent (allergen) reacts violently to a subsequent exposure
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allergic rhinitis
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hay fever, caused by pollen or animal dander
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systemic anaphylaxis
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extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction occurs throughout the body, leading to fall in BP, shock, respiratory distress, and edema of the larynx
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atopy
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a hypersensitivity or allergic state arising from an inherited predisposition
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lymphoma
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malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
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hodgkin disease
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malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes, Reed- Sternberg cell often is found on microscopic analysis
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lymphadenopathy
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lymph nodes enlarge
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non-hodgkin lymphomas
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these include follicular lymphoma (composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement) and large cell lymphoma (composed or large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues diffusely)
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multiple myeloma
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malignant tumor of bone marrows cells
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plasma cells
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anti-body producing B lymphocytes
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Waldenstrom macrobulinemia
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another disorder of malignant B cells, produces large quantities of IgM B cells
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thyoma
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malignant tumor of the thymus gland
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CD4 + cell count
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measures the number of CD4 + 4 T cells (helper T cells) in the blood stream of patients with AIDS
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ELISA
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screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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immunoelectrophoresis
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test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD)
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viral load test
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measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
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computed tomography (CT) scan
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X-ray imagining produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures
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CD4+cell
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helper T cell
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CD8+cell
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cytotoxic T cell
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IL1 to IL5
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interleukins
