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lymph

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fluid that contains white blood cells and other substances and flow in the lymphatic vessels

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lymphatic pathways

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the vessels that transport lymph (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body. the smallest parts of these pathways are the microscopic capillaries located in the capillary beds of the body. the capillary beds are thin-walled vessels that receives fluid and debris from the bloodstream. once inside the beds, the fluid is known as lymph. the lymph travels throughout the lymphatic vessels in one direction only- back toward the heat. Lymphatic vessels contain valves that prevent backflow of lymph. as the vessels approach the heart, they carry more fluid and are larger in size.

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lymph node

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specialized organ that filters harmful substances from the tissues and assists in the immune response. the lymph passes through many lymph nodes filtering so that it is ready for transferring back to the vascular system. by the time the fluid reaches the thoracic cavity, it has been filtered many times. the lymph nodes contain special cells (macrophages) that devour foreign substances. lymph nodes become swollen with lymphocytes (lymph cells) and macrophages. lymph nodes are located throughout the body except in the central nervous system. they are quite numerous near the joints of the body. the major groups of lymph nodes are located in the throat (the tonsils and adenoids are actually lymph tissue), neck, axilla (armpit), mediastinum, and groin

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spleen

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organ of lymph system that filters and stores blood, removes old red blood cells, and activates lymphocytes. the largest lymphatic organ, it is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, where unfortunately it can easily be injured and ruptured. in such cases, it must be repaired or removed (its functions are taken over by the lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow). the function of the spleen is to filter foreign material form the blood, to store blood, to remove damaged or old red blood cells, and to activate lymphocytes that destroy some of the foreign substances filtered from the blood. the spleen is important not only to the lymphatic system, but also to the circulatory system; its associated with the circulatory system is similar to the association of the lymph node to the lymphatic system. the spleen is also a major site for immunoglobulin (antibody) production by B lymphocytes that have differentiated into antibody- producing plasma cells

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thymus gland

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soft gland with two lobes that is involved in immune responses; located in mediastinum. it is large during infancy and early childhood when immunity is most crucial, but gradually shrinks until it becomes connective tissue in adulthood (when the body has acquired other types of immunities).

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T cells (T lymphocytes)

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specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity

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B lymphocytes, B cells

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a kind of lymphocytes that manufactures immunity

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thymosin

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hormone secretes by the thymus gland that aids in distribution of thymocytes (T lymphocyte) and lymphocytes

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adren(o)

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gland

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immun(o)

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immunity

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lymph(o)

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lymph

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lymphaden(o)

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lymph nodes

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lymphangi(o)

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lymphatic vessels

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splen(o)

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spleen

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thym(o)

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thmus

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tox(o), toxi, toxico

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posion

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lymph

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the lymphatic pathways are the vessels that transport lymph (the fluid of the lymphatic system) around the body

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lymph nodes

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located along the lymphatic vessels are the lymph nodes, small lumps of lymphatic tissue that serve as collected points to filter the lymph

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spleen

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the largest lymphatic organ, the spleen, is located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, where unfortunately it can easily be injured and ruptured

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thymus gland

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the thymus gland is a two-lobed, soft gland located in the thoracic cavity

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T lymphocytes T cells B lymphocytes B cells

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the thymus gland contain a high number of T lymphocytes or T cells and a decreased number of T cells and a decreased number of B lymphocytes or B cells.

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thymosin

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after being produced in the bone marrow, some of the lymphocytes (immature T cells) migrate through the thymus gland where they acquire the marker that identifies them as T lymphocytes. other lymphocytes become B cells. T cells provided immunity after they leave the thymus. their movement is aided by thymosin, a hormone secretes by the thymus

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lymphocytes

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the leukocytes include lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes (polymorphonucleated cells or PMN)

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macrophages microphages

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the RES and phagocytic systems provide and phagocytes of the tissue and the phagocytes of blood that are called macrophages and micophages

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phagocytes

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phagocytes remove foreign particles from the body by the processes of phagocytosis, the internalization or "eating" of the particles and the digestion of the particles for presentation to the appropriate cells of the immune system. the immune response is divided into two kinds: the cellular response and the humoral or immunoglobulin (antibody) response.

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antibodies

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the B cells are responsible for the production of antibodies (also called immunnoglobulins), i.e., the humoral response

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pathogens

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when disease-causing agents, pathogens, try to enter the body, they are often stopped by the skin, the cilia in the nostrils, and by various mucous membranes- all of which are mechanical barriers to intrusion

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antigens

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in the bloodstream, certain substances called antigens may provoke an immune response to certain diseases

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immunity

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the body has specific defense of the immune system called immune that provide resistance to particular pathogens

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natural immunity

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is the human body's natural resistance to certain diseases

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acquired active immunity

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the body develops acquired active immunity either by having a disease and producing natural antibodies to it or by being vaccinated against the disease

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immunity, immunication

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immunity or immunication is the injection of a vaccination

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vaccination

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a substance the provokes an immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via the production of antibodies

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vaccine

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the substance that provokes an immune response from an organism is called a vaccine

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humoral immunity plasma cells immunoglobulins

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acquired active immunity is further divided into two types. the first humoral immunity, is immunity provided by plasma cells, which produce antibodies called immunoglobulins.

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Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

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is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins

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Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

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is common in exocrine gland secretion, such as breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice, and so on. IgA transfers immunity from mother to infant through breast milk

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Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

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develops in the blood plasma in response to certain antigens within the body or from foreign sources. it is the first antibody to be produced after infection

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immunoglobulin D (IgD)

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is important in B cells activation, which helps immunity by transforming itself into a plasma cell in the presence of a specific type of antigen

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immunoglobulin E (IgE)

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appears in glandular secretions and is associated with allergic reactions

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cell-mediated immunity

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the second type of acquired active immunity, or cell-mediated immunity, is provided by the action of T cells.

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interferons interleukins

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the T cells respond to antigens by multiplying rapidly and producing proteins called lymphokines (for example, interferons and interleukins) that have antiviral properties or properties that affect the actions of other cells in the body. T cells also produce substances to stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and to produce antibodies

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helper cells

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or CD4 cells that stimulate the immune response

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cytotoxic cells

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or CD8 cells that help in the destruction of infected cells

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suppressor cells

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or T cells (mainly CD8 and some CD4) that suppress B cells and other immune cells

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acquired passive immunity

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is immunity provided in the form of antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person or another species

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antitoxin

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acquired passive immunity is necessary in case of snakebites and tetanus or any problem where immediate immunity is need. in such cases, a dose of antitoxin (antibodies directed against specific toxins) in given to provide antibodies.

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gamma globulin

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passive immunity may also be administered to lessen the change of catching a disease or to lessen the severity of the course of the disease. gamma globulin is a preparation of collected antibodies given to provent or lessen certain diseases, such as hepatitis A, varicella, and rabies

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enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

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ELISA tests blood for the antibodies to the HIV virus (as well as antibodies of to other specific viruses, such as hepatitis B)

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Western blot

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is a confirming test for the presence of HIV antibodies. a diagnosis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is made based on the presence of opportunistic infections and T-cells in specified ranges

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allergy

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is an immune overresponse to a stimulus

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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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a virus spread by sexual contact, exchange of bodily fluids, or intravenous exposure.

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AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

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is the most widespread immuonsupprresive disease

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immunosuppressive disease

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a disease that suppresses the ability of the immune system to defend against infection

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retrovirus

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a ribonucleic acid (RNA) that causes reversal of normal cell copying. the word "retro" (reverse) refers to its being the opposite of the ordinary method of DNA copying itself onto RNA

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opportunistic infections

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AIDS patients are subject to a number of opportunistic infections, infects that a healthy immune system can easily fight off but take hold because of the lowered immune response. many of these infections are present in other body systems

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candidias

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caused by fungus: Candida albicans. digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin, and some reproductive organs (particularly the vagina)

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cytomegalovirus

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Herpesviridae. can infect various cells or organs (like the eyes); causes swelling

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Kaposi's sarcome

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malignancy arising from capillary linings. skin and lymph nodes

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Mycobacterium avium-intracellular (MAI)

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caused by bacterium found in soil and water. systemic infection with fever, diarrhea, lung and blood disease, and wasting

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Pneumocystis jironveci

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caused by parasite, Pneumocystis carinii. lungs- a particularly dangerous type of pneumonia

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lymphoma

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cancer of the lymph nodes, is a relatively common cancer with high cure rates

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Hodgkin's lymphoma

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a type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early adulthood

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Hodgkins disease

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a type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early adulthood

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non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

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a cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading a diffuse pattern

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metastasis

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how far the disease has spread

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thymoma

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is a tumor of the thymus gland

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splenomegaly

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enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleen

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hypersplenism

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overactive spleen

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lymphocytic lymphoma histiocytic lymphoma

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non-hodgkin's lymphoma is a disease with malignant cells that resemble large lymphocytes, or large macrophages called histiocytes

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sarcoidosis

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nonmalignant lesions on the lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, skin, and liver can indicate the presence of sarcoidosis, an inflammatory condition that can affect lung function.

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lymphadenopathy

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swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) can also indicate the presence of infectious mononucleosis

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infectious mononucleosis

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an acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. infectious mononucleosis is often called the "kissing disease," because it is usually transmitted through mouth-to-mouth contact during kissing, sharing drinks, and sharing eating utensils. rest is generally the only cure

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allergen

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an allergy-causing substance

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hypersensitivity

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increases as exposure increases, sometimes resulting in anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic reaction or shock

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anapylaxis

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a reaction so serve that it can be life-threatening by decreasing blood pressure affecting breathing, and causing loss of consciousness

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autoimmune disease

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such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma, results from the proliferation of T cells that react as though they were fighting a virus, but are actually destroying healthy cells

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autoimmune responses

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often result from the body's need to fight an actual infection, during which the immune system becomes overactive

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lymph node dissection

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removal of cancerous lymph nodes for microscopic examination

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hymphadenectomy

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is the removal of the lymph node

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lymphadenotomy

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is an incision into a lymph node

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splenectomy

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is removal of the spleen, which is usually required if it is ruptured

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thymectomy

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is removal of the thymus gland, which is very important to the maturation process by not as serious once a patient reaches adulthood

Chapter 13: The Lymphatic System and Body Defense – Flashcards

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