Chapter 13: Political Transformations: Empires and Encounters, 1450-1750 – Flashcards
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How did Governor Bradford of the Plymouth colony react to the massive die-off of Native Americans during the seventeenth century?
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He saw it as the hand of God at work.
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What is mercantilism?
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It is an economic policy which holds that a country's interests are best served by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.
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Which of the following statements best reflects Russian consensus in the twenty-first century concerning their empire's identity?
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Russians even in the twenty-first century have not reached consensus on the empire's identity.
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Which of the following statements is true of Ottoman relations with the Christian West?
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Western Christian artists and thinkers on occasion represented the Ottoman Empire in a positive light.
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Which of the following statements best reflects Spain's economic relationship with its American colonies?
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Despite Spanish efforts, smuggling allowed Spanish colonists to exchange goods with Spain's rivals, undermining the economic benefits of the colonial empire.
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What was a significant factor that motivated the Europeans to create their American empires?
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Political rivalries between European powers motivated rulers to establish rival empires in the Americas.
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Which of the following statements best describes societies in the Americas following the Columbian exchange?
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Mixing of European, African, and Native American cultures created entirely new societies.
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What was a significant factor that motivated Europeans to create their American empires?
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Impoverished nobles and commoners found opportunity for gaining wealth and status in the Americas.
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In which major region of the Americas were Native Americans spared the impact of Eurasian diseases?
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No region was ultimately spared.
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Which of the following statements best reflects the Spanish colonial economy in the former lands of the Aztecs and the Incas?
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The economy was based on the twin pillars of mining and commercial agriculture.
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Which of the following statements best reflects the impact of Russian settlers on Siberian societies?
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They came in such large numbers that they overwhelmed native populations, giving the region a Russian character.
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Which of the following was a distinctive feature of the slave plantation society in British North America as compared to Brazil?
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By the 1860s, nearly all slaves in the United States had been born in the New World.
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Which of the following colonial regions saw significant migration of Europeans who wished to find a place to practice their religion without interference?
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British North America
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Which of the following statements best reflects the process that built the Russian Empire?
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It was an extended process that took three centuries.
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Which of the following statements best reflects the impact of the "great dying" on Native Americans in North America?
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It was equally devastating, leading to a similar collapse in the population.
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Which of the following statements most accurately describes Europe's global position in 1450?
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Europe remained marginal in Eurasian commerce.
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What enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homelands during the early modern period?
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Europeans were able to take advantage of divisions within and between local Native American societies.
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Which of the following best describes Britain's initial approach to ruling over its North American settler colonies?
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It established joint stock companies and granted royal charters to wealthy individuals.
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How did children born of unions between Russians and native Siberians fit into society during the early modern era?
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They were generally absorbed into the Russian population.
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Which Mughal emperor tried to impose Islamic supremacy in the Mughal Empire?
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Aurangzeb
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What geographic advantage did Europeans have in their effort to found empires in the Americas?
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The fixed winds of the Atlantic blew steadily in the same direction.
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Which of the following was a distinctive feature of racism in the United States as compared to Brazil?
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Any African ancestry, no matter how small or distant, made a person "black" in British North America.
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Which of the following statements best reflects the Spanish settlers as a social group in the lands of the Aztecs and Incas during the seventeenth century?
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The group was unbalanced by gender, with few native Spanish women in the Americas.
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Which of the following statements best reflects the fate of native Siberians in the three centuries between 1500 and 1800?
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The Russian Empire reflected the final triumph of agrarian civilization over the hunting and pastoral societies of the region.
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Which of the following was a consequence of the introduction of horses to the North American West?
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A male-dominated hunting and warrior culture displaced agricultural cultures in many areas.
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Which of the following statements is a true comparison of how Siberian peoples and Native Americans experienced empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
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Both Native Americans and Siberian peoples experienced devastating epidemics of new diseases for which they had little immunity.
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Which of the following statements best reflects Russian missionary efforts at conversion within its empire in comparison to similar efforts by Spanish authorities in Latin America?
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Russian authorities were more likely not to pursue conversion as intensely as their Spanish counterparts, if missionary activity threatened social stability.
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Which of the following was an important impact that the Russian Empire had on Siberian pastoralists?
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They were pressured to abandon their nomadic lifestyles.
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At what point did numbers of Native Americans begin to recuperate following the arrival of Eurasian diseases in the late fifteenth century?
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In most places, they had begun to recuperate their numbers by the late seventeenth century.
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How did conquistadores who helped to carve out the Spanish Empire in the Americas describe their motivations for doing so?
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They went to serve God and the king, and also to get rich.
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What distinguished the Russian Empire from those created by Western European powers in the Americas?
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Russia created its empire at the same time that the modern Russian state was taking shape, whereas the Spanish and British had already established themselves as distinct states before conquering their empires.
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Which colony produced as many as forty separate groups to indicate different racial mixtures?
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Brazil
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What similarity did the Russian Empire and those created by Western European powers in the Americas share?
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Both involved campaigns to convert the indigenous populations to Christianity.
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Which of the following was an important outcome of Russia's substantial territorial conquests in the Baltic region, Poland, and the Ukraine during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
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It prompted an extensive program of Westernization.
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For the mercantilist rulers of Europe, what did American colonies represent?
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Closed markets for manufactured goods
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When did the empire constructed by Russia between 1500 and 1800 finally collapse?
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It collapsed in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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Which of the following statements best reflects the long-term benefits of the Atlantic network?
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It propelled Europe into an increasingly central and commanding role on the world stage.
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Settler colonies of which European country developed self-government to the highest degree?
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Britain
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