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Renaissance:

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The rebirth of European culture from the Middle Ages due to economic recovery, social reforms, and educational changes.

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Hanseatic League

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Trade league between north German coastal towns which had a monopoly on trade in northern Europe

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Medici Family

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Famous Banking family from FLORENCE, Italy who basically had their hands in every industry including the papacy. The family had bank branches in most major cities in western Europe, but collapsed in 1494 after a series of bad loans and poor leadership.

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Medici Family

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Famous Banking family from FLORENCE, Italy who basically had their hands in every industry including the papacy. The family had bank branches in most major cities in western Europe, but collapsed in 1494 after a series of bad loans and poor leadership.

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First Estate

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Clergy

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Second Estate

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Nobility, constituted about 2-3% of the population. As the cost of their lifestyle rose and their incomes fell, most members of this class pursued education, positions in the military and advisers to royalty.

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Third Estate

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Peasants and inhabitants of towns/cities, 85-90% of the population

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The Book of the Courtier

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Written by Baldassare Castiglione, the book describes the ideal Renaissance man: Inherent noble characteristics, an education, and military skill and finesse.

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Manorial System

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Feudal system in which people of lower rank agreed to fight for a person of higher rank in exchange for land, food, livestock, etc.

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Slavery

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Declined by the beginning of the Renaissance but then rose with the advent of the Plague years and declined again as slaves came to be viewed as a political threat.

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Marriage

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Usually arranged by the Fathers for in order to secure crucial economic or political ties. Dowries were based on the wealth of the daughters family and extramarital relationships were considered fairly normal for men but unacceptable for women.

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Francesco Sforza

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Took over the Dutch of Milan and made it into a highly succesful political and economic state in Italy

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Florence

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In 1434, Cosimo dMedici took over the merchant oligarchy that controlled the Republic of Florence and used his power to turn Florence into a cultural center of the Renaissance

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Naples

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Shared little of the cultural glory of the Renaissance because it was dominated by poor pesantry and unruly nobles.

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Battista Sforza

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Ruled the independent state of Urbino and was known as a skilled and clever woman.

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Peace of Lodi

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Created the first "Balance of Power" in Europe and ended fifty years of war between Italian states, but failed to create a lasting common foreign policy between the states.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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Author of "The Prince," a treatise detailing how to be an effective ruler and showing that it was better to be feared than loved because a ruler must act on behalf of the state. He was particularly inspired by the Italian ruler Cesare Borgia.

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Individualism

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The belief that each person is unique and has unique traits and characteristics.

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Secularism

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Becoming more concerned with the material and physical world and less concerned with the spiritual world and the Church.

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Humanism

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An intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on Greek and Roman texts. Humanists typically studied the liberal arts and became teachers or advisers.

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Petrarch

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Known as the "Father of Humanism," he characterized the Middle Ages as the Dark Ages and wrote in the Italian vernacular.

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Civic Humanism

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An intellectual movement which argued that humanists should use their knowledge to advise the government and serve the state. Cicero, a Roman, was the ideal to uphold.

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Neoplatonism

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Revival of the works of Plato in the Renaissance associated with Marsilio Ficino, who attempted to reconcile Christianity and Platonic philosophy.

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Hermeticism

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Intellecutual movement which taught pantheism and included the domains of Alchemy and magic as well as philosophy and medicine.

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Pantheism

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the idea that Divinity is embodied in all aspescts of nature.

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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

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Wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man," which argued that man, unlike other living creatures had the ability to become whatever of whoever he wanted.

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Education in the Renaissance

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Humanists had an impact on Education, they believed it could alter a persons life and established many secondary schools to educate the rich physically and mentally. Girls were sometimes educated, but they received a different style of educated. Lower classes were rarely educated to even read and write.

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Impact of Printing

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Gutenbergs printing press allowed printed materials to be produced faster and therefore become more widely distributed.

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Italian Artistic Renaissance

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Attempted to portray the human form as accurately and realistically as possible.

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Leonardo da Vinci

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Mona Lisa, The Last Supper. Painter during the Artistic High Renaissance and one of the three giants of the time period.

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Sandro Botticelli

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Primavera, Venus Rising from the Foam. Painter from the Early Artistic Renaissance

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Donato di Donatello

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David (in Bronze). Sculpter durign the Early Artistic Renaissance

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Filippo Brunelleschi

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Designed the Duomo in Florence and the Church of San Lorenzo. Architect during the Early artistic Renaissance.

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Rapheal

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Frescoes at the Vatican Palace, Madonnas, School of Athens. Painter during the High Artistic Renaissance, and one of the three giants of the period.

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Michelangelo

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Painted the Sistine Chapel. Painter, Sculptor, and Architect during the High Artistic Renaissance and one of the giants of the period.

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Northern Artistic Renaissance

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Differed from the Italian artistic Renaissance in its portrayal of subjects and details. Northern Renaissance artists tended to me more exact in their details. Famous panters included Jan van Eyck and Alfred Durer.

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New Monarchies

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The monarchies of France, Spain, and England at the end of the fifteenth century, whose rulers succeeded in extending their authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting on the loyalty of their people

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Taille

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French tax on land or property which the church was exempt from

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Richard III of England

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Last Yorkist king, defeated at Bosworth Field in the War of the Roses by Hentry VII, the first Tudor king.

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Henry VII of England

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Attempted to reduce internal dissension in England through "livery and maintenance" (Nobles having their own armies of peasants.)

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Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

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United Aragon and Castille under a common flag through their marriage and pushed the Jews and Muslims out of Catholic Spain through either the Spanish Inquisition or just plain fighting.

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Hapsburgs and the HRE

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Successful due to politically good marriages, but failed to develop strong monarchial authroity, which ultimately lead to their downfall.

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Wycliff and Lollardy

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John Wycliff, and English theologian attacked papal authority and corruption and condemned practices not specified in scripture as well as campaigning for scripture to be made available in the vernacular.

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Hus and the Hussites

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Lollard ideas spread to Bohemia through marriage and were reinforced by the Czech professor John Hus.

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Nepotism

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The practice of appointing family members to important positions in the Papal hierarchy.

Chapter 12: Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance – Flashcards

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