question

Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism?

answer

a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin

question

Restriction enzymes _____.

answer

cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences

question

The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called _____.

answer

the polymerase chain reaction

question

Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _____.

answer

size

question

A supplemental appendix is to a book as a _____ is to a bacterial chromosome.

answer

plasmid

question

The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as _____.

answer

sticky ends

question

Which of the following statements best defines recombinant DNA technology?

answer

combining genes from different sources

question

Frequently, genetic engineers use plasmids, which are _____.

answer

small circlets of DNA found in bacteria

question

What does the term vector refer to in genetic engineering?

answer

a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell

question

An enzyme that "cuts" DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotide bases is called _____.

answer

a restriction enzyme

question

A genomic library is _____.

answer

a collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism's genome

question

Copies of cloned genes are stored in a _____.

answer

genomic library

question

DNA synthesized using an RNA template is called _____.

answer

cDNA

question

Which step in this process requires use of restriction enzymes?

answer

step B

question

Which step in the creation of cDNA involves the use of reverse transcriptase?

answer

step 3

question

When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as

answer

recombinant DNA

question

In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid

answer

is used as the vector.

question

DNA ligase binds

answer

nucleotides in the DNA backbone together.

question

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein,

answer

the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid, and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.

question

_____ are a major source of restriction enzymes.

answer

Bacterial cells

question

Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called

answer

restriction sites.

question

"Sticky ends" are

answer

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.

question

After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme

answer

DNA ligase

question

Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector?

answer

bacteriophages

question

The enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA is

answer

reverse transriptase

question

A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that

answer

cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.

question

A nucleic acid probe is

answer

a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene.

question

The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is

answer

Escherichia coli.

question

The only cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are

answer

mammalian cells.

question

The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that

answer

human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin.

question

A vaccine works by

answer

stimulating the immune system.

question

Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false?

answer

DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.

question

Golden Rice is golden in color because it is rich in

answer

beta-carotene

question

A transgenic animal is

answer

an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species.

question

Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)?

answer

transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin

question

Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms?

answer

the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage

question

What purpose does a nucleic acid probe serve?

answer

It helps identify genes that have been inserted into bacterial plasmids.

question

Insulin used for the treatment of diabetes in humans is now obtained from _____.

answer

bacteria

question

The production of genetically identical animals that are carrying recombinant human genes for pharmaceutical purposes, for example using goats to produce antithrombin, is called __________.

answer

pharming

question

Golden rice has been genetically engineered. Golden rice differs from other rice varieties because it contains genes that will produce _____.

answer

beta-carotene

question

Transgenic organisms are only scientifically or commercially useful if _____.

answer

the inserted ("foreign") gene is expressed in the host organism

question

Why is golden rice pale yellow in color?

answer

It is rich in beta-carotene.

question

Which of these is a symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

answer

blindness

question

Which of these is a vitamin A precursor?

answer

beta-carotene

question

The transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes from genetically engineered bacteria to disease-causing bacteria _____.

answer

seems unlikely

question

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a health problem for someone with cystic fibrosis?

answer

obesity

question

The allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive. An individual who is heterozygous for cystic fibrosis

answer

is a carier.

question

If Sophie conceives a child, and the father neither has cystic fibrosis nor is a carrier, what are the chances that the child would have cystic fibrosis?

answer

0%, because the child must receive the bad gene from both parents

question

If Sophie has a brother or sister from the same parents, what are the chances that sibling would have cystic fibrosis?

answer

25%

question

If someone is a carrier of a recessive genetic disorder, it means he or she has __________ of the allele, and __________ exhibit symptoms of the disorder.

answer

one copy; does not

question

Which of the following do you think contributed the most to the success of Rhys' gene therapy?

answer

Doctors were replacing only one gene, and they only had to insert that gene into bone marrow cells.

question

Theoretically, which of the following diseases should be the easiest to treat through gene therapy, considering the targeted organs and tissues where the corrected gene must be delivered?

answer

diabetes, since the target cells are found only in the pancreas

question

What does the process of gene therapy involve?

answer

It adds a functioning version of the defective gene to the cells of an individual.

question

DNA profiling is a forensic procedure being utilized to identify individuals. This technique _____.

answer

compares the DNA banding patterns of small segments of the genome

question

In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___.

answer

heating

question

When is PCR particularly applicable?

answer

When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze

question

What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction?

answer

separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

question

DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands?

answer

that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

question

What is the function of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

answer

It can make a large amount of DNA from a tiny amount.

question

During the Polymerase Chain Reaction, the two strands of DNA are separated by _____.

answer

applying heat that breaks the hydrogen bonds connecting the DNA strands

question

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel.

answer

negative ... positive

question

DNA moves through a gel toward the positive electrode when an electric charge is applied. What property of DNA allows this movement or migration to occur?

answer

DNA has a negative charge.

question

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules on the basis of size. Which of the following DNA molecules would move the slowest?

answer

F plasmid (100 kb)

question

The variation that occurs in 13 predetermined sites scattered throughout the human genome can be used to identify individual people. This DNA profile is possible because _____.

answer

an individual is likely to have the same sequence in the same places but with a different number of repeats

question

To identify an individual involved in a crime, criminologists analyze DNA from a suspect's blood and compare the __________ to samples found at the crime scene.

answer

short tandem repeat DNA profile

question

What does the term restriction fragment length polymorphism mean?

answer

fragments of DNA that are different lengths in different individuals

question

Comparison of whole genome sequences shows that we share _____ of our genome sequence with our closest relative.

answer

96%

question

The RP13 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

answer

involved in eye development

question

The TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____.

answer

involved in the regulation of the cell cycle

question

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth?

answer

GH1

question

Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function?

answer

MPO

question

The individuals working on the Human Genome Project (HGP) were attempting to _____.

answer

map all the human genes and determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome

question

Approximately what percentage of the human genome actually encodes proteins?

answer

3%

question

Celera Genomics implemented a faster way of sequencing the human genome. What was this method?

answer

shotgun cloning

question

Proteomics studies _____.

answer

all of the proteins encoded in a genome

question

Analyses of human and Neanderthal FOXP2 genes have revealed that __________.

answer

Neanderthals may have had the ability to speak

question

In order for gene therapy to be permanent in the patient being treated,

answer

the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply.

question

Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations.

answer

gamete-forming

question

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

answer

DNA profiling

question

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

answer

DNA polymerases

question

If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by _____, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.

answer

PCR

question

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

answer

size.

question

During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size.

answer

agarose gel

question

What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists?

answer

STR analysis

question

Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false?

answer

Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans.

question

Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness?

answer

a very close match in the DNA profile

question

What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile?

answer

20

question

When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as a

answer

single nucleotide polymorphism.

question

Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false?

answer

Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.

question

Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?

answer

98.5%

question

The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with

answer

transposable elements.

question

Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called

answer

transposable elements.

question

The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids.

answer

shotgun

question

Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes?

answer

It is fast and inexpensive.

question

The number of proteins in humans

answer

is much greater than the number of genes.

question

Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is true?

answer

Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome.

question

Approximately what percentage of the human genome is identical to that of a chimpanzee?

answer

98.8%

question

Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals

answer

at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair.

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