Chapter 12- Cancer HP 191 – Flashcards
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second
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cancer is the ______ leading cause of death after heart disease
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1.6 million
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cancer causes ________ deaths/year
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1 out of every 4
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cancer is responsible for ________ deaths in the US each year
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benign tumor
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a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
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neoplasm
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benign tumors are also called what?
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cancer
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malignant tumor = ?
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malignant tumor
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cancerous and capable of spreading. cells divides without regard for normal control mechanisms and produce a mass of abnormal cells
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metastasis
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spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
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blood or lymph fluid
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cancerous cells can travel in ________
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primary tumor
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the cancers original location
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secondary tumor
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travel of cancer producing a tumor in another location
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lymphatic system
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a system of vessels; part of the immune system
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chromosomes
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threadlike bodies in a cell nucleus that contain molecules of DNA; most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical substance that carries genetic information
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gene
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a section of a chromosome that contains the instructions for making a particular protein; the basic unit of heredity
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oncogene
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mutated genes that are transforming from a normal cell into a cancer cell
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cancer promoters
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accelerate growth of cells but don't directly cause gene mutations. they reduce the time for a cell to repair DNA damage caused by other factors. estrogen is an example of a cancer promoter
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carcinogen
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any substance that causes cancer
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radiation
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all sources of radiation are potentially carcinogenic
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microbes
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about 15 to 20% of world's cancers caused by these
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surgery
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form of cancer treatment; partial or complete removal of the organ. not very effective if the tumor has metastasized
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chemotherapy
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the treatment of cancer with chemicals that destroy rapidly dividing cancerous cells. some normal tissues that divide rapidly may be damaged as well
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radiation
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x-rays or gamma rays kill the tumor. this will destroy all cells, but it can be precisely targeted at cancer cells. used for localized tumors
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lung cancer
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________ most common cause of cancer death in the U.S. (~30% of cancer deaths are from this)
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159,000
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how many deaths a year is lung cancer responsible for?
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87%
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tobacco smoke accounts for ________ lung cancer deaths
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persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis
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symptoms of lung cancer
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colorectal cancer
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another name for colon and rectal cancer
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3rd
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colorectal cancer is the ________ most common type of cancer
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polyp
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abnormal tissue growth which can be removed if detected
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colonoscopy
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what test can check for polyps to detect colorectal cancer?
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breast cancer
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what is the most common cancer in women and is second to lung cancer in the number of cancer deaths among women
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mammogram
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low-dose-x-ray of the breasts used for early detection of breast cancer. should be routinely done after age 45
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biopsy
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removal and examination of small piece of body tissue for purpose of diagnosis
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ultrasonography
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an imaging method in which inaudible high-pitched sound (ultrasound) is bounced off body structures to create an image on a monitor
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98%
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if discovered early, breast cancer patients have about ________ chance of surviving more than 5 years
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prostate
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the ________ is located at the base of the bladder
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prostate cancer
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what is the most common cancer in men and second leading cause of cancer death in men
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
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diagnostic test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of PSA. can also be detected via ultrasound
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true
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5-year survival rate is now nearly 100% for prostate cancer (t/f)
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cervical cancer
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most cases stem from infection by HPV. thus HPV puts women at a higher risk for this type of cancer
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pap test
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scraping of cells from cervix for examination to detect cancer
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two
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________ HPV vaccines approved by the FDA
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uterine or endometrial cancer
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cancer of the lining of the uterus most often occurs after age 55
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surgically removing the uterus
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how is uterine cancer treated?
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ovarian cancer
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rare compared with uterine cancer, but it causes more deaths
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late
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ovarian cancer is often diagnosed ________ in its development
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symptoms of ovarian cancer
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bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, urinary problems
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ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus
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ovarian cancer is treated by surgical removal of _________ (3)
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surgical removal, chemotherapy
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testicular cancer is treated by ________ and, if the tumor has spread, ________
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skin cancer
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what is the most common cancer?
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UV radiation
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skin cancer is linked to exposure to ________ from the sun
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melanoma
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a malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole
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ultraviolet (UV) radiation
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light rays of a specific wavelength, emitted by the sun; most of these are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
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UVA
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long wavelength; less likely to cause sunburn; prematurely ages skin and can damage connective tissue
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UVB
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short wavelength; causes sunburn and can damage eyes and immune system
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UVA
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tanning lamps emit mostly ________ rays which can increase skin cancer risk
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SPF (sun protection factor)
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the added amount of time you can stay out in the sun without burning compared to if you did not wear sunscreen; ex: SPF 15, you can stay outside 15 times longer without burning
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basal, squamous
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________ cell carcinomas and ________ cell carcinomas are 95% of skin cancers
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basal cell carcinoma
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cancer of deepest layers of the skin
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squamous cell carcinoma
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cancer of the surface layers of the skin
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melanoma
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what is the most dangerous skin cancer? spreads rapidly
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mole
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melanoma usually occurs at site of a what?
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melanomas
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most common on the back, chest, abdomen, and lower legs, but they can occur anywhere
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asymmetry
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what does the 'A' in the ABCDE test for melanoma stand for?
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border irregularity
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what does the 'B' in the ABCDE test for melanoma stand for?
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color variation
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what does the 'C' in the ABCDE test for melanoma stand for?
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diameter larger than 1/4 inch
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what does the 'D' in the ABCDE test for melanoma stand for?
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evolving
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what does the 'E' in the ABCDE test for melanoma stand for?
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head and neck cancers
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cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and nasal cavity
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40
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head and neck cancers twice as great in men and most frequently in men over ________
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chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery
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________ (3) used to treat head and neck cancers
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38,000
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how many Americans are killed by pancreatic cancer annually?
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true
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there is no effective cure available for pancreatic cancer (t/f)
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4
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men are ________ times more likely to have bladder cancer
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smoking
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________ is key risk factor for bladder cancer
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symptoms of bladder cancer
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blood in the urine, increased frequency of urination
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symptoms of kidney cancer
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fatigue, pain in the side, and blood in the urine
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true
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some brain tumors curable (t/f)
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lukemia
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cancer of the white blood cells
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lukemia
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starts in bone marrow but can spread to other organs and the central nervous system
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lymphoma
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a form of cancer that begins in the lymph nodes; may spread to almost any part of the body
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80%
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________ of liver cancers are caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses
