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strategic therapies

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this type of therapy offer active, straightforward interventions aimed at reducing/eliminating presenting family problems/behaviors symptoms. less focused on meaning or origin of symptoms. derived from palo alto research group- BATESON, JACKSON, HALEY, WEAKLAND, WATZLAWICK

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communications outlook

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these theorists concern themselves with how verbal and nonverbal messages are exchanged in a family- WHAT is occurring rather than WHY its occurring =, the ongoing process within a system

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punctuation

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the communication concept that each participant in a transaction believes whatever they say is caused by what the other says, in effect holding the other responsible for the reactions

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four perspectives on the strategic model

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1- the original mental research institue (MRI) interactional view 2- the brief therapy principles and therapeutic procedures that characterize current MRI activities 3- the strategic therapy refinements advanced primarily by Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes 4- the strategic related efforts developed in Milan, Italy, by mara selvini-pazzoli and associates

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strategic outlook

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this outlook is change outlook and brief in duration, viewing families in nonpathological terms, less concerned with personal growth or working through emotional family issues CLIENTS DETERMINE WHAT THE PROBLEM IS, THERAPISTS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHANGE

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don jackson

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founded the MRI interactional family therapy, with others such as satir, riskin, etc

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mri interactional family therapy

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this therapy was based largely on general systems theory, cybernetics, and information theory. looking at how faulty communication patterns may lead to family dysfunction

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pragmatics of human communication

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considered to be the classic pioneering text in communication, by watzlawick, beavin, and jackson- looking at semantics, syntax, and pragmatics

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semantics

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clarity of meaning between what is said and received

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syntax

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the pattern as well as manner or style in which information is transmitted

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pragmatics

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the behavioral effects or consequences of communication

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communication

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1 of the acxioms of MRI interactional therapy- "all behavior is _ at some level" -even if silent, still communicating

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communication

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1 of the axioms of MRI interactional therapy- "_ may occur simultaneously at many levels" what is said, gestures, body language, tone of voice, etc (can contradict with metacommunication if the message being said does not match tone of voice etc

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metacommunication

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a message about a message, typically nonverbal (smile, shrug, nod, wink) offered simultaneously with a verbal message,structuring, qualifying, or adding meaning to that message

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communication

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1 of the axioms of MRI Interactional therapy- "every _ has a content (report) and a relationship (command) aspect. statements say more about a relationship than what is being said

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command

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1 of the axioms of MRI interactional therapy- "relationships are defined by _ messages". define family rules in order to preserve homeostasis

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relationships

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1 of the axioms of MRI interactional therapy- "_ may be described as symmetrical or complementary" typically one partner takes the one up position- male, other traditionally female assumes submissive

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symmetrical

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a type of dyadic transaction or communication pattern characterized by equality and the minimization of differences; each participant's response provokes a similar response in the other, sometimes in a competitive fashion

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complementary

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a type of dyadic relationship or communication pattern in which inequality and the maximization of differences exist (for example, dominant/submissive) and in which each participants' response provokes or enhances a counterresponse in the other in a continuing loop

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symmetrical

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1 of the axioms of MRI interactional therapy- " _ relationships risk becoming competitive" each partner's actions influence the reactions of the other in a spiraling effect

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symmetrical escalation

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a spiraling competitive effect in the communication between two people whose relationship is based on equality so that vindictiveness leads to greater vindictiveness in return, viciousness to greater viciousness, etc

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complementary

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1 of the axioms of MRI interactional therapy- " _ communication inevitably involves one person who assumes a superior position and another who assumes an inferior one" (bossy wife, submissive husband, etc)

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punctuates

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1 of the axioms of MRI interactional therapy: "each person _ a sequence of events in which they are engaged in different ways" they organize behavioral events taking place into each participants view of cause and effect, thus vital to ongoing interactions

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redundant, recursive

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1 of the axioms of MRI Interactional therapy: "problems develop and are maintained within the context of _ interaction patterns and _ feedback loops"

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paradoxical injunction

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a communication to obey a command that is internally inconsistent and contradictory, as in a double bind message, forcing the receiver to disobey in order to obey (IGNORE THESE INSTRUCTIONS)

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watzlawick

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the person who emphasized that the MRI therapeutic model has the irony that the solutions people use in attempting to alleviate a problem often contribute to the problem's maintenance or its worsening- not being difficult but STUCK in repeating nonworkable solutions

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first order changes

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temporary or superficial changes within a system that do not alter the basic organization of the system itself- telling a family to "stop screaming" short lived

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second order changes

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fundamental changes in a system's organization, function, and frame of reference, leading to permanent change in its interactive patterns. moving past just removing the symptom, GOAL OF THERAPY.

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therapeutic double bind

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a general term that describes a variety of paradoxical techniques used to change entrenched family patterns. intended to force a person, couple or family into a NO LOSE SITUATION (vs a pathological double bind- no win predicament)

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prescribing the symptom

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a paradoxical technique in which the client is directed to voluntarily engage in the symptomatic behavior; as a result, the client is put in the position of rebelling and abandoning the symptom or obeying, thereby admitting it is under voluntary control

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relabeling

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verbal redefinition of an event in order to make dysfunctional behavior seem more reasonable and understandable, intended to provoke in others a more positive reaction to that behavior (not being overprotective, just trying to be helpful) goal of CHANGING FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS AND INTERACTIONS

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MRI brief family therapy

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this type of therapy is time limited, usually no more than 10 sessions, pragmatic, nonhistorical, idea that most human problems develop through the mishandling of normal difficulties in life. "solutions" become problems. specifically defining problems -think small, happy with minor changes, be skeptical of dramatic, sudden progess -do not insist that all family members attend, only those who are motivated -collect data on previously attempted solutions

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3 MRI solutions that lead to bigger problems

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1- some action is necessary but not taken 2- an action is taken when it is unnecessary 3- action is taken at the wrong level (most common)

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steps in MRI brief therapy approach

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1- defining the problem 2- identifying the attempted solutions 3- determining the position of the client 4- designing an intervention 5- selling the intervention to the client 6- assigning homework 7- doing a hw follow up 8- terminating

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strategic family approach

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HALEY AND MADANES- center stage in the 80s. defines a presenting problem in such a way that it can be solved. goals eliminating the problem are set, therapy planned to achieve these goals. intervention shifts family organization so presenting problem/symptom no longer serves previous function in family

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jay haley

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formed the philedelphia child guidance center with wife madanes. plays an important role in the development of strategic approach of family therapy. key role in bateson's schizophrenia research project. he believed that in every interpersonal transaction is a struggle for control of the DEFINITION of the relationship. influenced by minuchin and montalvo

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john weakland

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worked with haley, interested in understanding the communication occuring between the hypnotist and subject by MILTON ERICKSON

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milton erickson

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his style of therapy was brief, active ,directive, and carefully planned. tailored a novel approach for each case, putting clients area of resourcefulness to work. hypnotic techniques, bypassing client resistance

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haley's view of a symptom

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his view of a symptom is that it is not maladaptive and involuntary, rather, they are adaptive to current social situations for controlling a relationship when all other strategies have failed. INTERPERSONAL EVENTS

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haley madenes approach

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these two therapist's approach used: 1- triangles: interaction of at least 3 parties with coalition minimum of two against at least 1 other) 2- sequences- likely to be circular, no just involved with the individual 3- hierarchies- without viewing as functional or dysfunctional, strategists want to know what roles each member plays, and whether problems arise because they are unhappy with their roles

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intial interview

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"brief social stage" haley says that this sets the stage for the entire course of therapy- insists that the whole family attends. decide together what specific issues needs attention then formulate plan or action.

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problem stage

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the stage that gets to the business of why the family is there . information gathering, each member defining the problem

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interactional phase

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the stage where the family discusses the problem aloud with one another in the presence of a therapist, to observe any dysfunctional behavior (sequences, hierarchies, coalitions, conflicts)

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goal setting stage

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the stage that gives the therapist and family an opportunity to precisely determine the presenting problem. results in a contract with clearly defined goals, allowing to measure/gauge successs

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task setting stage

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the stage where the therapist ends the initial interview with the first set of simple homework/directives

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directives

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assignments of tasks to be performed outside of the therapeutic session, get people to behave differently so they will have different subjective experiences, intensify therapeutic relationship by involving them in actions between sessions, and gathers information by their reactions to suggested changes

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prescriptive paradox

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a paradoxical intervention that asks the client to do something (keep a list of everything that worries you and at night go over them to become a competent worrier)

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descriptive paradox

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a paradoxical intervention that relabels in a positive manner something already being done ((the two of you as a married couple are to be commended for avoiding confronting your differences. it would be too risk to change things now)

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paradoxical interventions

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used to tell the client to remain the same, designed to provoke defiance in the recipient. a therapeutic technique where a therapist gives a client or family a directive they want to resist; as a result of defying the directive, a change takes place (prescribing the symptom)

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ordeal therapy

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a form of perspective directive, the work of erickson, the therapist instructs the client to carry out an unpleasant chore whenever the symptom appears during the day, makign the distress of the consequence a greater hardship than original symptom

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milan systemic model

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SELVINI, BOSCOLO, CECCHIN, PRATA. postmodern, moving away from observation of interactive sequences and patterns towards questioning family belief systems. first serving families of children with anorexia

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systematic family therapy

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a milan-model therapeutic approach in which the family, as an evolving system, is viewed as continuing to use an old epistemology that no longer fits its current behavior patters; the therapist indirectly introduces new information into the family system and encourages alternative epistemologies to develop

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counterparadoxes

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in systemic family therapy, placing the family in a therapeutic double bind in order to counter the member's paradoxical interactions

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positive connotations

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a reframing technique used primarily by systemic family therapists where positive motives are ascribed to family behavior patterns because these patterns help maintain family balance and cohesion; as a result, the family is helped t view each others motives more positively

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rituals

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symbolic ceremonial prescriptions offered by a therapist, intended to address family conflict over its covert rules, to be enacted by the family in order to provide clarity or insight into their roles and relationships

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hypothesizing

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as used by systemic therapists, the process by which a team of therapists forms suppositions, open to revision, regarding how and why a family's problems are developed and persisted; to facilitate asking relevant questions and organizing incoming information, it occurs before meeting the family

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neutrality

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as used by systemic family therapists, a nonjudmental and impartial position, eliciting all viewpoints, intended to enable the therapist to avoid being caught up in family "games" through coalitions or alliances

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circular questioning

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an interviewing technique, first formulated by Milan systemic therapists, aimed at eliciting differences in perception about events or relationships from different family members, particularly regarding point in the family life cycle when significant coalition shifts and adaptations occurred.

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tomm

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this therapists add to milan model "strategizing" and interventive interviewing, reflexing questioning: -future oriented -observer-perspective -unexpected counterchange -embedded suggestion -normative-comparison -distinction-clarifying -questions introducing hypotheses -process-interrupting

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