Chapter 11: How Genes are Controlled – Flashcards
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The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ___________.
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gene expression
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In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their control sequences?
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operon
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Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to _________.
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promoter
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In an operon, the ___________ acts as an on/off switch.
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operator
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Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator?
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repressors
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Repressors act by blocking the binding of _______ to the operator.
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rna polymerase
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What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli?
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the presence of lactose
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While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell __________________.
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came from a normal human female
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What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?
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dna packing and unpacking
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Introns are _________.
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noncoding dna sequences
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Cells communicate with one another via ________?
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signal transduction pathways
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Which of these techniques could tell you how gene expression differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis?
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dna microarray
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How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions?
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the mutations that have accumulated in the cells of the different tissues control functions
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To make a clone a genetically identical organism from a mammalian cell, the cell must __________.
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be enucleated
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Possible uses of reproductive cloning include: A) the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation B) the production of potentially valuable drugs C) the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans D) restocking populations of endangered animals E) All the above
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all the above
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What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?
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embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated
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What name is given to a gene that causes cancer?
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oncogene
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Many porto-oncogenes regulate _________?
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cell division
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Inheritance of certain genes increase the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that _________?
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predispositions to these cancers is inherited
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Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a(n) _________?
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tumor supressor gene
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One of the most potent environmental carcinogens is _______?
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uv radiation
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____________is(are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen
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Tobacco
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More people die of _________ cancer than any other cancer
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lung
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Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk?
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a diet high in animal fat
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The lac operon is usually in the _________ position and is activated by ___________.
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off, lactose
