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redistribution

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mode of exchange requiring form of centralized social orga. to receive economic contributions from all members of a group and redistribute them to provide for every group member

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Anthropologists consider a reciprocal situation in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing to be

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negative reciprocity

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An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the \"market\" is

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capitalism

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a historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is organized to extract energy from the environment by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.

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relations of production

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The exchange of goods and services of equal value is called

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reciprocity

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A reciprocal situation in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit demonstrates what anthropologists consider

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balanced reciprocity

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Relations of production aka

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Social relations that link the people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production

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means of production

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The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature.

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modes of production

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Represents the ways different human groups carry out production

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In recent years, the anthropology of politics has addressed questions about

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power and inequality

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According to John Bowen, as discussed in the text, how are French legal scholars working to craft solutions to the challenges Muslim marriage practices present to French law?

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they are making \"practical exceptions\" to the concept of public order

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According to the text, a central theme in multicultural debates within Europe is

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coming to terms with increasing numbers of Muslims living in countries where Christianity has historically been dominant

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The German approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

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work and legal protection but not citizenship

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The actions taken by many contemporary nation-states to identify the level of terrorist threats, take action to stop them, and institute policies to minimize damage and disruption in the event of a terrorist attack would be considered examples of

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governmentality

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According to James Scott, foot-dragging, desertion, pilfering, slander, arson, and sabotage are examples of

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everyday forms of peasant resistance

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rulers who provide some genuine benefits to their subjects, spread an ideology that justifies their rule, and nevertheless succeed in protecting their privileges are exercising

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hegemony

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power based on physical force is called

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domination

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the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a particular society

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gender

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Marriage within the boundaries of a defined social group is called

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endogamy

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For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of

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a married couple and their children

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A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families, is

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a blended family

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Families in which brothers and their wives (or sisters and their husbands) live together in a single household are called

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joint families

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A spousal pattern in which a woman may have multiple husbands is called

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polyandry

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A husband, a wife, and their children form a

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conjugal family

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A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses is called

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polygamy

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For woman marriage to be possible, a society must recognize a distinction between

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pater and genitor

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Deliberate representations of particular identities as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, thus making them appear eternal and unchanging, are known as

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naturalizing discourses

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The traditional concept of race in Western society is

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biologically and genetically meaningless

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A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance constitute a

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nation

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A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state is generally referred to as

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nationality

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A principle of social classification that creates groups on the basis of a set of distinctive cultural criteria that people in the group are believed to share is referred to as

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ethnicity

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A key element recognized by all anthropologists who use the concept of caste is that caste groups are

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endogomous (inner restricted)

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A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum between white and black is called

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colorism

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The social category of race is

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a relatively recent invention

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Hierarchically arranged social groups defined on economic grounds are called

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classes

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If people are believed to have no choice but to follow the rules of the culture into which they were born, then

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-international interference with customs that violate international human rights violate the right of members of the group to practice their own customs -they should be protected from interference by outsiders who do not share their cultural beliefs and practices

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Arguments that pit human rights against culture depend on the assumption that

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cultures are homogeneous cultures are unchanging each society has one culture that its members have to follow

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A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship, make up a

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transborder citizenry

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The idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power is called

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cultural imperialism

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In order to fit the way human rights laws are written, indigenous people often have to

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portray their cultures in ways that are different from their own everyday understandings

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being at ease in more than one cultural setting.

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cosmopolitanism

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As anthropologists have begun to study \"the culture of human rights\" they have come to see the central role played by

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law

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To argue that all peoples have a human right to maintain their own distinct culture is to assume that

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cultural diversity is valuable in itself such things as universal human rights exist

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A nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside is a

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transnational nation-state

chapter 11, 12, 1, 13, 14, 16 ant

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