Chapter 10 : Western Europe – Flashcards

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question
In what year was Charlemagne able to establish a substantial, if temporary, empire in France and Germany?
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800
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what year did Pope Urban II call for the first crusade?
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1095
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Pope Gregory VII decreed the practice of investiture invalid. What was investiture?
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practice of state appointment of bishops
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In what way was the educational system of the medieval West different than that of China?
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universities were not tied to a single bureaucratic system
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The leading figure in the synthesis of classical rational philosophy with Christian theology was a teacher at the University of Paris in the thirteenth century,
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thomas aquinas
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During the eleventh century, what new architectural style featuring pointed arches and flying buttresses became dominant in western Europe?
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gothic
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Which of the following developments was NOT a result of the improved economy of the High Middle Ages?
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Conflicts between peasants and the landlords became rare, if they did not disappear altogether.
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What were functions of the merchant and artisan guilds
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giving its members a voice in local government. regulation of apprenticeship, limitation of membership. guaranteeing good workmanship.
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Following the fall of Rome, where was the center of the post classical west?
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Central plains of north Europe, France, low countries, south and west germany
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Greatest concentration of urbanization after 10th century in Europe was?
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italy and the low countries
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Region that achieved feudal monarchy before end of middle ages
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England
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What was the Holy Roman Empire like after the 10th century?
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Rule of HRE became hollow, because they did not build a solid monarchy from regional foundations
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Reforming monastic orders founded in Assisi in the 13th century were created by?
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St Francis and St Clare
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What belief did the conversion of Germanic kings create among western religious leader, especially the pope?
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That the church had a legit authority separate from and superior to secular rulers
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Fourth crusade manipulated by Vecine merchants, who turn it to attack...?
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Constantinople
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Because of its base in the universities of western Europe, the dominant medieval philosophical approach was referred to as
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scholasticism
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Not a function of merchant and artisan guild?
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ensuring a free market economy.
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After Rome fell, where was the center of the post classical west?
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central plain of northern Eurpe- France, low countries, south and west Germany
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Impact of Christianity on polytheistic religions in western Europe?
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Process of conversion produced a religious amalgam in which beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits coexist with Christianity
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Greatest concentration of urbanization after the 10th century?
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Italy and Low Countries
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How did the intro of the feudal monarchy into England compare to poltiical experiance of France?
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English feudal monarchy introduced after 1066, French developed slower
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How was medival West not like other civilizations?
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it was culturally backwards
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What is true about the intellectual activity of the medieval West prior to 18th century?
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With few literate people concentrated in monasteries, little was achieved other than copying old manuscripts
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Relationships between members of the military elite based on a reciprocal exchange of land for military service and loyalty were called...?
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feudalism
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What is true about feudalism
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although it inhibited the development of strong central states, some kings were able to use feudalism to build their own power
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Who wasnt a threat to the sources of Western vitality at the end of the middle ages?
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economic tail spin
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100 years war result?
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kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies
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Why were Medieval economies important?
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they set a more direct stage for later developments that classical economies had done
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What frankish king was responsible for the conversion of his people to Christianity in order to gain vague domination over Franks?
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Clovis
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What is NOT true about the manorial system?
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it was technologically sophisticated
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What WASNT true about agricultural laborers
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they were slaves
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Describe the dilemma that Godric faced and how he dealt with it.
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...
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Describe the Manorial System including its obligations and allegiances.
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-Manorialism - economic/political relation between lord and peasants -Serfs --lived on self-sufficient manors --received protection/justice from lords i. Military force --gave part of goods/crops to lord --worked monthly on lord's land --some could escape i. move to city/become wanderers --production low - limited equipment ---Moldboard - curved metal ---Three-fold system - fallow -Obligations --For labor and land received ---ownership of houses ---pass property rights to children
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Describe the role of the church as a political and spiritual power during the Middle Ages.
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1. Only solid, stable organization in Western Europe a. Copied structure of Roman Empire 1. Pope - Rome - top authority 2. Regional bishops 3. Supervised local priests 2. Role of pope a. regulate doctrine b. beat back heresies c. sponsored missionary activity 3. Conversions of leaders oftentimes to legitimate authority 4. Monasteries a. prayer/religious discipline b. developed monastic rules - Benedict of Nursia c. Helped improve cultivation of land d. Provided some education/promoted literacy
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Identify Charlemagne, his predecessors, and his successors. Describe their contributions.
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1. Northern France - Carolingians overtook Franks a. Charles Martel - Battle of Tours 732 - pushed back Muslims/stopped Spain b. Charles the Great - Charlemagne 1. Substantial empire in France/Germany 2. Restored church-based education 3. Intellectual activity gradually restored 4. Upon death, split empire among 3 grandsons a. Successors useless 2. Political history from here became regional monarchies a. no single language 1. Separate languages led to national identities - difference b. cultural unity around Church 3. Holy Roman Emperors for German/Italian section a. Rule hollow, means little, regional lords still controlled
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Identify and describe the factors contributing to economic and urban vigor.
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1. New sources of strength a. new agricultural techniques 1. three-field 2. moldboard plow 3. horse collar - almost as cool as the world famous Chinese ox collar b. dominance of lord/knights - horse collar and stirrups c. Viking raids slowed down 1. Christianized 2. Regional government stronger 2. All led to population growth a. Led to new markets b. Look to eastern lands not previously converted to agriculture c. Loosen bonds of serfdom d. trade with others led to new crops 3. Growth of towns a. Literacy spread b. Professional entertainers - new songs, tricks - the lovely bear-baiting c. Monastic schools/hospitals d. Merchant activity/craft production 4. Improved cultural life a. Universities next to cathedrals b. Taught philosophy and theology
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Describe feudalism and the political advances made during this era.
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1. Feudal relationships a. Military elites 1. Could afford horses/iron weaponry/training b. Greater lords then controlled vassals and then they controlled lesser vassals c. These feudal relationships could be expanded d. Charlemagne took to next level, granted land for allegiance 2. Bad - Inhibited strong central states a. Good - Reduced regional warfare 3. Kings used feudalism to build power - administration/bureaucracy would follow a. France - 14th century - king had Church pay tax 1. Previously Church was exempt from tax on property 4. William the Conqueror - 1066- England had unique form of feudalism a. great lords tied to king b. Royal officials called Sheriff - think Robin Hood c. Bureaucracy filled with urban business/professional people
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Describe the movements and factors underlying concepts of limited government in the West.
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1. Power of Church limited political claims 2. Aristocrats - powerful independent voice a. Magna Carta - nobles forced King John in 1215 to sign rights b. Led to creation of Parliament 1. House of Lords - nobles 2. House of Commons - wealthy businessmen 3. Held power of taxation - could prevent/enable King warfare 3. Parliaments elsewhere represent Three Estates - church, nobles, urban leaders 4. Saw war as key to settling problems - Hundred Years War prime example
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Explain the West's expansionist impulse.
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1. Causes a. Population growth b. Missionary impulse c. Righteous zeal provided by Christianity 2. Expulsion of Muslims in 1492 3. Germanic knights pushed east - Germany and Poland 4. Pushed to Greenland, Canada 5. Crusades a. Pope Urban II - indulgences - fight for God, reclaim holy land 1. forgiveness of sins 2. ensured entry to heaven 3. spoils from rich Arabs 4. Thirst for excitement 5. facilitate Christian pilgrim's visits 6. Venice - save commercial rites 7. attacking Jews b. Opened to economic/cultural influence of Middle East
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What defines the postclassical period in Western Europe?
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...
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How was theology linked to classical rationalism during the Middle Ages?
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...
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Describe the popular religion of the era.
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Popular Religion 1. Little known of how people actually practiced 2. Religious devotion expanded a. City religious groups formed b. Veneration of Mary - merciful side of Christianity c. worship of saints 3. But...continued to believe in magical rituals a. Pagan festivals b. Even...dancing and merriment
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Explain the themes in art and literature during the era.
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Religious Themes in Art and Literature 1. Christian art reflected popular outlook and formal religious theology a. Goal - serve the glory of God b. Depicted saints c. Used stylized figures d. Medieval life as backdrops e. Stained glass designs for churches 2. Gothic Architecture a. Combined Muslim design and Western engineering b. Gothic 1. Soaring spires 2. Tall arched windows - cast to heavens c. Proved 1. Growing technical skill 2. Ability to tax, central gov't 3 Patient labor 3. Medieval Literature a. Mostly Latin, but vernacular writing emerged 1. Similar to India - Sankrit, but the people read Hindi b. Oral sagas, adventure stories c. Showed conflict 1. Christian values vs. richness/coarseness of life d. Love became first new value pursued e. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales - has naughty stories that poke fun at institutions
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What were the signs of economic prosperity after 1000?
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1. Urban growth a. specialized manufacturing b. increased commercial activities c. greater trade d. banking introduced 2. Rising trade a. Wanted luxury goods b. Wanted spices - flavor, preservation, medicinal value c. Timber/grain from N. Europe to mfg goods from S. Europe e. Hanseatic League - Scandinavian cities 3. Jewish businessmen became money lenders 4. Trade, bankers, merchants all pushed for capitalism a. Jacque Coeur - famed merchant - made a ton, lost a ton 5. Merchants a. Not as wealthy/adventuresome as Muslims b. But...because of weak govts they had more power 1. Developed rather independently from gov't 6. Guilds - relatively independent from state - like labor unions today a. limit membership b. control apprenticeships c. discouraged new methods of mfg - goal security not innovation d. guaranteed quality e. members had status in local affairs f.statutes/rules enforced by municipal gov'ts 7. Clock making - technology, schedule of church services 8. Most people peasants though, some moved to city - year and a day rule 9. Economic values - still what's best for group
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Compare the status of women in the European Middle Ages with that of women in contemporary world civilizations.
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1. Christian religion a. Equality of souls b. Women's monastic groups - convents c. Veneration of Mary, religious saints d. But...Eve as cause of original sin 2. Compared to Islam a. less confined to household b. less segregated in church services - but couldn't lead 3. Urban women had role in commerce a. Could operate/run guilds 4. Literature stressed women as docile/supportive/chivalry
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What were the crises of the later Middle Ages?
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1. Monarchies consolidated holdings - combined 2. Hundred Years' War a. Futility of military methods 1. Paid armies better than knights 2. Ordinary archers better/cheaper 3. Castles ridiculous to gunpowder b. Futility of feudalism 3. Sources of vitality ending 1. Agriculture can't keep up with population growth a. lands used up b. no new technology c. led to several famines 2. Series of devastating plagues a. Black Death 3. Social disputes - peasant uprisings 4. But...manufacturing and mining increases B. Signs of Strain 1. Land owning aristocracy fading a. But still keeping ceremony and chivalry - looks silly though 2. Church losing power a. Church focused on political involvement/loses spiritual side b. Gov'ts gain power, start taxing Church 3. Breakdown of intellectual/artistic synthesis a. Now when people speak, it could be called heresy b. Art now focuses on human figures, less spiritual
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