Chapter 10 : Western Europe – Flashcards

800

1095

practice of state appointment of bishops

universities were not tied to a single bureaucratic system

thomas aquinas

gothic

Conflicts between peasants and the landlords became rare, if they did not disappear altogether.

giving its members a voice in local government. regulation of apprenticeship, limitation of membership. guaranteeing good workmanship.

Central plains of north Europe, France, low countries, south and west germany

italy and the low countries

England

Rule of HRE became hollow, because they did not build a solid monarchy from regional foundations

St Francis and St Clare

That the church had a legit authority separate from and superior to secular rulers

Constantinople

scholasticism

ensuring a free market economy.

central plain of northern Eurpe- France, low countries, south and west Germany

Process of conversion produced a religious amalgam in which beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits coexist with Christianity

Italy and Low Countries

English feudal monarchy introduced after 1066, French developed slower

it was culturally backwards

With few literate people concentrated in monasteries, little was achieved other than copying old manuscripts

feudalism

although it inhibited the development of strong central states, some kings were able to use feudalism to build their own power

economic tail spin

kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies

they set a more direct stage for later developments that classical economies had done

Clovis

it was technologically sophisticated

they were slaves

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-Manorialism - economic/political relation between lord and peasants -Serfs --lived on self-sufficient manors --received protection/justice from lords i. Military force --gave part of goods/crops to lord --worked monthly on lord's land --some could escape i. move to city/become wanderers --production low - limited equipment ---Moldboard - curved metal ---Three-fold system - fallow -Obligations --For labor and land received ---ownership of houses ---pass property rights to children

1. Only solid, stable organization in Western Europe a. Copied structure of Roman Empire 1. Pope - Rome - top authority 2. Regional bishops 3. Supervised local priests 2. Role of pope a. regulate doctrine b. beat back heresies c. sponsored missionary activity 3. Conversions of leaders oftentimes to legitimate authority 4. Monasteries a. prayer/religious discipline b. developed monastic rules - Benedict of Nursia c. Helped improve cultivation of land d. Provided some education/promoted literacy

1. Northern France - Carolingians overtook Franks a. Charles Martel - Battle of Tours 732 - pushed back Muslims/stopped Spain b. Charles the Great - Charlemagne 1. Substantial empire in France/Germany 2. Restored church-based education 3. Intellectual activity gradually restored 4. Upon death, split empire among 3 grandsons a. Successors useless 2. Political history from here became regional monarchies a. no single language 1. Separate languages led to national identities - difference b. cultural unity around Church 3. Holy Roman Emperors for German/Italian section a. Rule hollow, means little, regional lords still controlled

1. New sources of strength a. new agricultural techniques 1. three-field 2. moldboard plow 3. horse collar - almost as cool as the world famous Chinese ox collar b. dominance of lord/knights - horse collar and stirrups c. Viking raids slowed down 1. Christianized 2. Regional government stronger 2. All led to population growth a. Led to new markets b. Look to eastern lands not previously converted to agriculture c. Loosen bonds of serfdom d. trade with others led to new crops 3. Growth of towns a. Literacy spread b. Professional entertainers - new songs, tricks - the lovely bear-baiting c. Monastic schools/hospitals d. Merchant activity/craft production 4. Improved cultural life a. Universities next to cathedrals b. Taught philosophy and theology

1. Feudal relationships a. Military elites 1. Could afford horses/iron weaponry/training b. Greater lords then controlled vassals and then they controlled lesser vassals c. These feudal relationships could be expanded d. Charlemagne took to next level, granted land for allegiance 2. Bad - Inhibited strong central states a. Good - Reduced regional warfare 3. Kings used feudalism to build power - administration/bureaucracy would follow a. France - 14th century - king had Church pay tax 1. Previously Church was exempt from tax on property 4. William the Conqueror - 1066- England had unique form of feudalism a. great lords tied to king b. Royal officials called Sheriff - think Robin Hood c. Bureaucracy filled with urban business/professional people

1. Power of Church limited political claims 2. Aristocrats - powerful independent voice a. Magna Carta - nobles forced King John in 1215 to sign rights b. Led to creation of Parliament 1. House of Lords - nobles 2. House of Commons - wealthy businessmen 3. Held power of taxation - could prevent/enable King warfare 3. Parliaments elsewhere represent Three Estates - church, nobles, urban leaders 4. Saw war as key to settling problems - Hundred Years War prime example

1. Causes a. Population growth b. Missionary impulse c. Righteous zeal provided by Christianity 2. Expulsion of Muslims in 1492 3. Germanic knights pushed east - Germany and Poland 4. Pushed to Greenland, Canada 5. Crusades a. Pope Urban II - indulgences - fight for God, reclaim holy land 1. forgiveness of sins 2. ensured entry to heaven 3. spoils from rich Arabs 4. Thirst for excitement 5. facilitate Christian pilgrim's visits 6. Venice - save commercial rites 7. attacking Jews b. Opened to economic/cultural influence of Middle East

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Popular Religion 1. Little known of how people actually practiced 2. Religious devotion expanded a. City religious groups formed b. Veneration of Mary - merciful side of Christianity c. worship of saints 3. But...continued to believe in magical rituals a. Pagan festivals b. Even...dancing and merriment

Religious Themes in Art and Literature 1. Christian art reflected popular outlook and formal religious theology a. Goal - serve the glory of God b. Depicted saints c. Used stylized figures d. Medieval life as backdrops e. Stained glass designs for churches 2. Gothic Architecture a. Combined Muslim design and Western engineering b. Gothic 1. Soaring spires 2. Tall arched windows - cast to heavens c. Proved 1. Growing technical skill 2. Ability to tax, central gov't 3 Patient labor 3. Medieval Literature a. Mostly Latin, but vernacular writing emerged 1. Similar to India - Sankrit, but the people read Hindi b. Oral sagas, adventure stories c. Showed conflict 1. Christian values vs. richness/coarseness of life d. Love became first new value pursued e. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales - has naughty stories that poke fun at institutions

1. Urban growth a. specialized manufacturing b. increased commercial activities c. greater trade d. banking introduced 2. Rising trade a. Wanted luxury goods b. Wanted spices - flavor, preservation, medicinal value c. Timber/grain from N. Europe to mfg goods from S. Europe e. Hanseatic League - Scandinavian cities 3. Jewish businessmen became money lenders 4. Trade, bankers, merchants all pushed for capitalism a. Jacque Coeur - famed merchant - made a ton, lost a ton 5. Merchants a. Not as wealthy/adventuresome as Muslims b. But...because of weak govts they had more power 1. Developed rather independently from gov't 6. Guilds - relatively independent from state - like labor unions today a. limit membership b. control apprenticeships c. discouraged new methods of mfg - goal security not innovation d. guaranteed quality e. members had status in local affairs f.statutes/rules enforced by municipal gov'ts 7. Clock making - technology, schedule of church services 8. Most people peasants though, some moved to city - year and a day rule 9. Economic values - still what's best for group

1. Christian religion a. Equality of souls b. Women's monastic groups - convents c. Veneration of Mary, religious saints d. But...Eve as cause of original sin 2. Compared to Islam a. less confined to household b. less segregated in church services - but couldn't lead 3. Urban women had role in commerce a. Could operate/run guilds 4. Literature stressed women as docile/supportive/chivalry

1. Monarchies consolidated holdings - combined 2. Hundred Years' War a. Futility of military methods 1. Paid armies better than knights 2. Ordinary archers better/cheaper 3. Castles ridiculous to gunpowder b. Futility of feudalism 3. Sources of vitality ending 1. Agriculture can't keep up with population growth a. lands used up b. no new technology c. led to several famines 2. Series of devastating plagues a. Black Death 3. Social disputes - peasant uprisings 4. But...manufacturing and mining increases B. Signs of Strain 1. Land owning aristocracy fading a. But still keeping ceremony and chivalry - looks silly though 2. Church losing power a. Church focused on political involvement/loses spiritual side b. Gov'ts gain power, start taxing Church 3. Breakdown of intellectual/artistic synthesis a. Now when people speak, it could be called heresy b. Art now focuses on human figures, less spiritual