Chapter 10 Vocab- A New Civilization Emerges on Western Europe – Flashcards
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Middle Ages
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The period in Western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century
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Vikings
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Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries
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manorialism
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System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during Middle Ages, involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations and exchanged labor or rents for access to land
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serfs
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Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages
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moldboard
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Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages, permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils, a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system
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three-field system
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System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe, included 1/3 in spring grains, 1/3 fallow
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Clovis
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Early Frankish king, converted Franks to Christianity ca. 496 CE, allowed establishment of a Frankish kingdom
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Carolingians
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Royal house of the Franks (northern France, Belgium, and western Germany) after the 8th century until their replacement in the 10th century
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Charles Martel
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Founder of the Carolingian line, responsible for defeating the Muslims in the battle of Tours in 732 CE
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Holy Roman emperors
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Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following the split of Charlemagne's empire, claimed title of emperor circa the 10th century, failed to develop a centralized monarchy in Germany
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vassals
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Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty
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William the Conqueror
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Invaded England from Normandy in 1066, extended tight feudal system to England, established an administrative system based on sheriff and a centralized monarchy
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Magna Carta
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Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215, confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims, represented the principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
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parliaments
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Bodies representing privileged groups, institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with vassals, found in England, Spain, Germany, and France
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three estates
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The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries: church, nobles, and urban leaders
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Hundred Years' War
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Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453, fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states
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Urban II
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Pope who called the First Crusade in 1095 CE, appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims
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investiture
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Practice of state appointment of bishops, Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
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Peter Abelard
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Author of Yes and No, university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology, demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine, lived from 1079 CE to 1142 CE
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Bernard of Clairvaux
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Emphasized the role of faith in preference to logic, stressed the importance of mystical union with God, successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities, lived from 1090 CE to 1153 CE
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Thomas Aquinas
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Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning, taught at the University of Paris, author of several Summas, believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and the nature of God, lived from 1225 CE to 1274 CE
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scholasticism
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Dominant medieval philosophical approach, so-called because of its base in the schools or universities, based on use of logic to resolve theological problems
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Gothic
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An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe, featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls
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Hanseatic League
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An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
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guilds
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Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city, stressed security and mutual control, limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, often established franchise within cities
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Black Death
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Plague that struck Europe in the 14th century, significantly reduced Europe's population, affected social structure
