Chapter 10 The Black Death – Flashcards
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The Black Death
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Epidemic of the Bubonic Plague that killed as many as one third of all Europeans
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When did the Black Death begin and end?
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1347 to 1352
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What were some other names for the Black Death?
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The Pestilence & The Great Dying
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Where did the plaque come from?
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From ships drifting to Italian ports.
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When did it reach Europe?
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In the 1300's (1347)
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What did people think was happening during the Plague?
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That it was the end of the world.
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How many years into the Hundred Years war did the plague strike Europe?
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Ten years after the war began.
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Why do they call the Black Death, the "Bubonic Plague"?
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Because it was a deadly infection and because there were so many deaths.
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How quick does someone die with the plague?
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Within a few days
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What was the "known" cause of the plague?
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It had been carried by infected fleas that lived on rats
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What were some possible causes of the plague?
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Migrating people from asia on boat or by land who were already infected and brought the disease to Europe.
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What ways did the black death spread from Asia to Europe?
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Infected people rode on merchant ships from the East to ports throughout Europe. Travelers carried the plague up rivers and over trade routes.
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Which areas of Europe were first affected by the plague?
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Italy, and then France, Spain, and England.
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How did the Plague affect art?
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It changed art, because art became obsessed with death and disease.
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How did the Plague affect farmland?
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Much farmland reverted to pasture, because there weren't enough people to cultivate the land.
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How did the Plague affect feudal lords?
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It made many lords desperate for workers, because of all the deaths of peasants.
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How did the Plague affect serfs?
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Serfs demanded higher wages for their work, because they had to do more work with less workers.
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What did the peasants and townspeople do after the plague?
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Peasants and townspeople revolted across Europe.
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What happened to feudalism?
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Feudalism was lost and never recovered, because of the disruption of social order after all the deaths.
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What happened to the church?
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The Church was forced to hire uneducated men, because of the loss of clergy, which encouraged a movement to reform church practices.
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What did the fear of the plaque drive many to do?
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Live in isolation.
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How many people died in Europe of the plague?
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tens of millions of people, more than a third of the population.
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Who did some blame for the plague?
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The jews
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What is a scapegoat?
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Scapegoats are people who are blamed for a problem that they did not cause.
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What was the Peasants revolt?
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The Peasants' Revolt was an unsuccessful revolt by peasants against feudal lords in England in 1381.
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What were the side effects of the Plague?
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victims bodies were covered in buboes, or swellings. They had fevers, chills, and weakness.
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How was the Plague transferred?
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It was transmittable by air.
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Where did the disease begin?
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In Central Asia
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How was another way that it spread?
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It spread along the trade networks that linked China, India, and the Middle East.
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What were some effects after the Plague?
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Villages were abandoned, population declined, wages rose, and feudalism was shaken.
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What did The Black Death transform?
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Medieval culture, economy, and society.
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What are all societies based on?
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Human contact
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Who was able to flee town and what did they often take with them?
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The rich often fled town and took the town doctors with them
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What happened after the first wave of the Plague?
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Most cities became ghost towns
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After the jews were accused of starting the Plague, what did Christians do?
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In many European towns, Jews were exiled or killed in anti-jewish riots.
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What happened to the Jews in Strasbourg?
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The town council ordered all 2000 jews convert to Christianity or be burned to death.
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How did the Pope help this?
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He issued an order that Jews should not be killed or forced to convert, but this was widely ignored.
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How much Clergy members were lost during the Plague?
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an estimated 40%
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Giovanni Boccaccio
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Florence resident who wrote about what he saw during the plague
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Crop Rotation
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The practice of changing the use of fields overtime
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Fallow
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Unplanted fields
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Three-field system
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Crop rotation third of the land was planted in different seasons with different types of plants
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guild
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a group of workers practicing the same craft who have joined together to protect their economic interest protected workers and their families pay for funerals care for their families some provided free school financed building programs
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Mendicant Order
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new forms of religious beggars who owned no property they preached to ordinary people and were formed to fight heresy
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University
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Schools or groups of schools that train scholars at the highest levels
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Natural Law
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Does not change over time or from one society to another
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Hundred Years' War
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The conflict between England and France that lasted from 1347 to 1453
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Peasants' Revolt
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Where peasants started to kill lords and burn down manors
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What did peasants find in towns that they did not have much of in the fields?
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More opportunities, better life, & markets to sell good
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Why was there a population growth in Europe during the High Middle Ages?
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increase if food supply because of improvements in agriculture
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What is the High Middle Ages?
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period from 1000-1300 - population grew steadily
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Give 3 reasons for this growth and explain.
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the plow, the horse, & crop rotation
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What did people do with the extra agricultural products they grew?
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traded crops they grew for crops they couldnt or didnt grow & traded them or sold them for other products
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Who helped farming expand in Middle Ages Europe?
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monks
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What food did the growing population of Europe depend on the most?
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Grain
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What 2 things grew because of population growth and advances in farming?
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trade - trading surplus crop for another industry - trade goods- clothes
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What new industries came out of this growth and advancement?
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textiles & merchants
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What did towns offer peasants?
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freedom and opportunities
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How did this change feudalism?
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it greatly weakened feudalism because the peasants were leaving the manors
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What shaped life in the Middle Ages?
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Religion
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What other name was the Middle Ages called beside the Dark Ages?
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Age of Faith or Age of Confidence
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What religion was predominant in the MIddle Ages in Europe?
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Christianity
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Other than religion, what were monasteries the center of?
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agriculture productions
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What is heresy?
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what the church did not believe in
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What influence did religion have on drama?
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mystery church plays revived drama
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What influence did religion have on architecture?
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gothic that combine religious symbols with engineering
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Who was Thomas Aquinas?
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a medieval scholar and professor from Paris
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What did he believe in?
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he believed in natural law - that does not change over time and guided by human reason
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What effect did the church aim to have on medieval knights?
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shape chivalry with Christian values of generosity, humility, and mercy
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What was one of the main features of the High Middle Ages?
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saw expansion in trade and education. universities grew from the churches
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Why was Latin so important to the universities?
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the church preserved the language for learning
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Before this dark time (The Bubonic Plague) in the Middle Ages, what had Europe enjoyed for 200 years?
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economic growth - good times - feudalism kept the economy going
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What other disasters besides the plague caused hard time in Europe during the Middle Ages?
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famine, 100 years war, & lethal weapons
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What 2 countries were involved in the 100 years war?
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England and France
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What started this conflict?
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when Edward the III of England claimed the throne of France
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What effect did the war have on the countryside?
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destroyed crops and caused starvation
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How long did the war last?
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116 years.
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What is one key thing that increased in both countries because of the 100 year war?
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a sense of patriotism because of nationalism
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What was something new about this war?
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a war between nations
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Who won early battles and why?
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The English because of new longbow technology
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What did the French lose that was important in the early battles?
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thousands of soldiers and important members of nobility
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What other new weapons were used in this war?
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guns and cannons
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What did this cause and end to?
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ended the usefulness of a knight
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Who was Joan of Arc? Why was she important?
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young peasant French girl she said voices from heaven told her to lead the French army against the English.
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What did she do?
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she led the French army to victory was captured and burned at the stake she turned the tide of the war
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Who won the 100 years war?
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France
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What else was attacking the French in the early part of the 100 years war?
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The Plague
