Chapter 10: Observational Learning – Flashcards
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The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by ______. a. Ivan Pavlov b. E. L. Thorndike c. John B. Watson d. Carl Warden
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E. L. Thorndike
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The first studies of observational learning ______. a. proved beyond a doubt that animals learn by observing models b. proved that only higher animals learn by observing models c. suggested that some animals can learn by observing models under special circumstances d. failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
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failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
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Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of _______. a. observing events and their consequences b. imitating a model c. vicariously participating in events in one's environment d. sharing the experiences of another person or animal
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observing events and their consequences
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If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of _______. a. vicarious reinforcement b. model reinforcement c. observer reinforcement d. imitation
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vicarious reinforcement
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Social observational learning may be defined as _________. a. imitation of a model's behavior b. a change in an observer's behavior c. a change in behavior due to observing a model d. a variation of operant learning
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a change in behavior due to observing a model
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According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing a. events and their consequences. b. the behavior of a model. c. the effects of a model's behavior. d. and imitating a model's actions.
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events and their consequences.
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Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that _________. a. the extra 15 observances made no difference b. the first 15 observations had a greater impact than the next 15 c. cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15 d. cats that observed 15 performances actually did better than those that observed 30
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cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15
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Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children would imitate a model's reinforced preferences for _______. a. pets b. pictures c. dolls d. cartoon characters
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pictures
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Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers _______. a. watched a video of models talking b. chatted with models in a bar c. received text messages written by models d. listened to models on a tape
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listened to models on a tape
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In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition. a. asocial b. model-free c. ghost d. whisper
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ghost
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Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children _________. a. ignored the irrelevant acts b. imitated the irrelevant acts c. performed original irrelevant acts d. failed to solve the problem
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imitated the irrelevant acts
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The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called _______. a. superstitious imitation b. neurotic imitation c. generalized imitation d. habitual imitation
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generalized imitation
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In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model __________. a. did better than those who did not observe a model b. did less well than those who did not observe a model c. did about the same as those who did not observe a model d. imitated irrelevant acts of the model
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did better than those who did not observe a model
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ill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will ______. a. major in music b. major in psychology c. flunk out d. transfer to a different college
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flunk out
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Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model _______. a. frowned and shook her head b. showed no emotional reaction c. vacillated between happy and sad d. avoided looking at the observer
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frowned and shook her head
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Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned _______. a. less from the model's behavior b. more from the model's behavior c. about the same amount from the model's behavior
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more from the model's behavior
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You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that _______. a. Germans will riot in the streets b. Germans will pass laws against rock music c. the sale of rock music will decline markedly in Germany d. there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans
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there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans
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The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of _________. a. The Sorrows of Young Werther b. Swan Song c. Death of the Knight d. This Is Not the Answer
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The Sorrows of Young Werther
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The learning history of observers has a powerful influence on what they learn from models. This is illustrated by the fact that chimpanzees that have had __________ training get more from observing a model than those that have not. a. language b. social skills c. problem solving d. insight
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language
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Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about __________ . a. sign language b. termite fishing c. tooth flossing d. potato washing
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termite fishing
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Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably _______. a. young children b. older children c. adults d. very old adults
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adults
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Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on ________. a. the nature of the aggressive behavior b. whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished c. whether the child is encouraged to imitate the model d. the relationship between the child and the model
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whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished
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Keith and Catherine Hayes found that their adoptee, Viki, learned more from observing models than some children of about the same age. This was surprising because Viki was a _________. a. monkey b. chimpanzee c. porpoise c. Golden Retriever
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chimpanzee
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In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ________. a. mnemonic processes b. cognitive processes c. retentional processes d. memorial processes
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retentional processes
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Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is ________. a. covert modeling b. symbolic observation c. retentional processes d. simulation training
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retentional processes
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The operant learning model of observational learning takes the _________. a. natural science approach b. cognitive approach c. intuitive approach d. guess approach
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natural science approach
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A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______. a. weak b. suggestive c. strong but inconclusive d. overwhelming
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overwhelming
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True/False: Carl Warden was one of the first researchers to demonstrate observational learning in animals
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True
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True/False: If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning
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False
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True/False: Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats.
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True
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True/False: The Herbert and Harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did no better than those that had observed a model perform 15 times
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False
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True/False: All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill.
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False
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True/False: In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer
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False
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True/False: Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children's liking for pictures was influenced by the consequences of the model's preferences.
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True
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True/False: Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models, even though the observers did not see the models
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True
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True/False: Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.
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True
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True/False: Research suggests that humans tend to imitate behavior that is irrelevant to obtaining reinforcers
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True
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True/False: Research suggests that the tendency to imitate the irrelevant acts of a model increases with age.
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True
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True/False: Some researchers believe that the tendency of humans to imitate irrelevant modeled acts is beneficial.
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True
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True/False: Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy.
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False
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True/False: The research of Rosekrans and Hartup on aggression suggests that if a model's behavior is sometimes reinforced and sometimes punished, it is more likely to be imitated than if it is consistently reinforced.
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False
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True/False: Although the consequences of a model's behavior have a strong influence on an observer's tendency to imitate the model's behavior, ultimately the consequences of the observer's behavior tend to win out.
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True
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True/False: The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.
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True
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True/False: Little of classroom learning is observational.
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False
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True/False: Alan Kazdin found that praising attentiveness in one child actually reduced the attentiveness in another child.
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False
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True/False: Research suggests that some students who do not naturally learn from a model can be taught the skills necessary to do so.
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True
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True/False: Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling.
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True
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The author of your text identifies two kinds of observational learning: _______ and _______.
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Social, asocial
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There are two kinds of social observational learning experiences, vicarious _______ and vicarious _______.
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reinforcement, punishment
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In _______, an observer looks on as a model's behavior is punished.
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Vicarious punishment
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If the consequences of a model's behavior strengthen the observer's tendency to behave in a similar manner, we say that the behavior has been _______
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vicariously reinforced
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The traditional view of observational learning is what the author of your text calls _______ observational learning
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Social
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When researchers arrange for an event to occur in the absence of a model, this is called the _______ condition.
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Ghost
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The tendency to imitate modeled events that are irrelevant to solving a problem is called _______.
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Over imitation
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Models who are not proficient at the skill they demonstrate are called unskilled or _______ models
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Learning
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Berger found that one important variable affecting observational learning in humans is the _______ of the model.
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Status
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Bandura says that observational learning involves four processes. One of these is _______.
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attentional/retentional/motor reproductive/motivational
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Efforts to influence people through modeling via mass media are called _______.
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edutainment
