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Cancer

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Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that form a mass of tissue known as a tumor.

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Malignant tumor

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impairs body function & takes nourishment away from normal tissue.

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Oncology

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the study of cancer

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Oncologist

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medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of cancer

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epidemiologic

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based on observed associations in given populations, rather than cause-and-effect research

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epidemiologic

answer

Most cancer research is _______.

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Inflammation

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Physiologic Precursors of cancer: Chronic ____ as induced by obesity, diet, inactivity.

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radicals

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Physiologic Precursors of cancer: Free ____ inducing chromosomal changes (DNA)

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hyperinsulinemia

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the presence of excess insulin in the blood

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hyperinsulinemia insulin resistance

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______ & _____ are found with Gynecologic Cancer, Digestive tract cancers, Bladder & Prostate cancers, Leukemia, Non- Hodgkins lymphoma.

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Genetics

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associated with correlates of the metabolic syndrome.

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Saturated polyunsaturated CHO (sugar) fiber

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Cancer Etiology- Associated with: High intake of _____ fat, ____ fat, excess of ____ (____), low _____

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plant based antioxidants salt

answer

Cancer Etiology- Associated with: Low intake of _____-_____ foods & _________, & excess _____.

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Omega 2 fatty acids (fatty fish) iron vitamin D

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Cancer Etiology- Associated with: Low intake of _____ (_____), Possible excess of _____ intake & low _____ status.

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Inflammation

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High Iron levels are associated with ____.

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physical activity smoking chewing tobacco alcohol uv light carcinogens particles chemicals Nitrates inorganic arsenic

answer

Non-Diet Risk Factors of cancer are associated with low levels of _______, _______ or _____ ______, ______ intake, especially excessive, exposure to _____, exposure to ______ in the environment. _____ & ____ in the air, ______ in processed meats, _______ in water supplies.

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30 40 plant based fruits vegetables magnesium beans greens

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____% to ____% reduction in cancer risk with a diet rich in variety of ____-____ foods, especially ____ & ____; _____ rich foods ( ____ & ____)

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Protein calorie malnutrition wasting

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______-____ _____ & body ____ are common problems for clients who have cancer.

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Protein calorie malnutrition

answer

____-____ malnutrition & body wasting are common problems in cancer patients.

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morbidity mortality

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Nutritional deficits are a major cause of ____ & _____

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Surgery radiation chemotherapy immunotherapy bone marrow transplantation

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Major treatments for cancer include: 1)_____ 2)______ 3)______ 4)_______ 5)______

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nutritional complications

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Side effects of treatments compromise the nutritional status of affected clients, and more than 1/3 of all cancer deaths are related to _____.

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complications nutritional wasting weight healing reduce morbidity mortality life

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goals of nutritional therapy in cancer patients are to: Minimize the nutritional _____ of the disease. Improve ____ status prevent muscle ____ maintain _____ promote ____ _____ side effects decrease ______ & ______ Enhance quality of ______ and the overall effectiveness of treatment therapies.

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dietary fiber

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Adequate ____ may lessen the risk of colon cancer.

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fruits vegetables

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high intake of ___&___ is linked to a lowered incidence of many types of cancers. eat at least 5 servings a day.

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Whole grain grain

answer

consume ____ rather than processed or refined ____ & sugars.

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carcinogenic

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meat preparation by smoking, pickling, charcoal grilling, & use of nitrate containing chemicals may be ______.

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alcohol

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High ____ consumption is associated with liver, pancreatic, and billary cancers

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estrogen progesterone

answer

excess body fat stimulates the production of ___&___, which may intensify the growth of various cell types and may contribute to breast, gallbladder, colon, prostate, uterine, & kidney cancers.

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polyunsaturated monounsaturated fish olive

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High intake of ____ & ____ fats in ____ & ___ oils is presumed to be beneficial in lowering the risk of many types of cancers.

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Calcium

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a ___ rich diet is associated with lower incidence of colon cancer as it binds free fatty acids and bile salts in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

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anorexia metabolism nitrogen balance

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Cancer may cause ____, increased _____, and negative _____

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food nutrient energy body tissues

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systemic effects result in poor ___ intake, increased ____ &____ needs, and catabolism in _______.

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caloric

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Increased ______ intake to maintain weight and rebuild body stores.

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increased

answer

Protein needs are ____

question

vitamin mineral

answer

___&___ supplementation is based upon the clients needs.

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better good

answer

encourage patient to eat more on days when feeling ____/ on _____ days.

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protein calories

answer

encourage intake of foods that have been modified to contain additional ___&____.

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milk cheese milkshakes pudding fish eggs nuts

answer

Foods that have been modified to contain additional protein and calories: - - - - - - -

question

Protein calories

answer

Nutritional supplements that are high in ___ and or ___ should be encourage.

question

between replacement

answer

Nutritional supplements that are high in protein and/or calories should be offered _____ meals and can be used as meal ___ if necessary.

question

whole milk cheese peanut butter yogurt milk bread crumbs

answer

Increase protein and caloric content of foods by: substituting _______ for water in recipes. adding __ to dishes using ___ as a spread for fruits using ____ as a topping for fruis dipping meats in ____&____ before cooking

question

calorie dense

answer

to help prevent fatigue Eat a large _____ breakfast when energy level is the highest,

question

cold room temperature carbohydrate low toast crackers yogurt bananas cooked cereals fried

answer

Interventions to help with Nausea & Vomiting: eat ____ or _____ foods try high _____ & ____ fat foods, such as: ___,____,____,____,____. avoid ____ foods

question

liquids roughage pectin

answer

Interventions to help with diarrhea: ensure adequate intake of ______ throughout the day to replace losses. avoid foods high in ____ they may exacerbate diarrhea Consume foods high in ____ to increase the bulk of the stool and to lengthen transition time in the colon

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inflammation

answer

chronic ______ is now recognized to promote cancer and is one of the common features found with metabolic syndrome.

question

cancer

answer

inflammation promotes gene mutations leading to cells more prone to ______ development

question

Free radicals free radicals

answer

an inflammatory response is typically accompanied by generation of _______. ________ are known to induce chromosomal changes in the deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA_

question

body weight overweight obesity

answer

excess ____, whether _____ or _____ is linked with the metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer.

question

Hyperinsulinemia Hyperinsulinemia

answer

is felt to contribute to cancer through its promotion of tumor growth. ______ should be managed with diets and exercise to avoid an increase risk in cancer.

question

gynecologic digestive tract bladder prostate leukemia non Hodgkin's lymphoma

answer

cancers related to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and elevated blood glucose levels include the following - - - - - -

question

Vitamin D

answer

evidence is showing that at least 17 different types of cancer are ________ sensitive.

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fish poultry

answer

Intake of ___&___ was related to lower risk of several cancers.

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arsenic

answer

the mineral ____ has been implicated in cancer development

question

Antioxidants Vitamin E Vitamin C

answer

some nutrients that protect against cancer. _________, _________, _________.

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Antioxidants

answer

______ is found in dark green leafy vegetables and deep orange vegetables and fruits.

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Vitamin E

answer

_____ Is found in nuts and the germ portion of whole grains.

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Vitamin C

answer

_____ is found in berries, dark green leafy vegetables and citrus fruits.

question

dark green leafy vegetables deep orange vegetables fruits

answer

_____,______,&______ Are some foods that have Antioxidants

question

nuts germ whole grains

answer

____ & the ____ portion of _____ have Vitamin E.

question

berries dark green leafy vegetables citrus fruits

answer

____, ____, & _____ Have vitamin C.

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antioxidants DNA

answer

foods containing ___ help prevent damage to ___, & reduce cancer risk.

question

30 40

answer

The american institute for cancer research notes a reduction in risk of cancer by __% to ____% by following the diet and health guidelines for cancer prevention.

question

plant based foods

answer

Increase intake of vitamins, minerals, & phytochemicals as naturally found in _______.

question

Cruciferous

answer

Increase intake of vitamins, minerals, & phytochemicals as naturally found in plant based foods. This includes a variety of ________ vegetables that has long been associated with reduced cancer risk

question

Broccoli Spinach cabbage brussels sprouts legumes fruits whole grains

answer

Cruciferous Vegetables that are associated with reducing the risk of cancer: 1)____, 2)_____, 3)______, 4)_____, 5)_______, 6)________, 7)_______.

question

Sugar sugar based

answer

with a focus on a plant based diet, _____ intake is indirectly inhibited, avoidance of _____ drinks.

question

Hyperinsulinemia Hyperinsulinemia

answer

Following the Plant-Based food Dietary Guidelines for reducing the risk of cancer helps normalize _____ among persons with the metabolic syndrome and likely minimizes risk of cancer development for such individuals. This is because of the reduced production of insulin like growth factor that occurs in the presence of ___________.

question

Fiber

answer

Increase _____ intake by increased intake of vegetables and fruits.

question

Vegetables Fruits

answer

Increase Fiber intake by increased intake of ___ & ____

question

Insoluble fiber

answer

______ generally the skin and seeds of vegetables and fruits is believed to lower cancer risk.

question

skin seeds

answer

Insoluble fiber is generally the ___ and ____ of fruits and vegetables.

question

serum antioxidants

answer

Increasing vegetables and fruits is the impact on ____ levels of ____.

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High Plasma

answer

____ ____ levels of ascorbic acid, selenium, and carotenoids have been noted to protect against cancer.

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ascorbic acid selenium carotenoids

answer

High plasma levels of ___, ____ , & _____ protect against cancer.

question

carotene

answer

High plasma concentrations of are associated with lowered mortality and lower cancer rates in the elderly.

question

A C folate magnesium

answer

Dark green leafy vegetables provides: - Vitamins ___ & ____. - _____ & - ______

question

Retinoids ( Vitamin A)

answer

______ (____) - Found in dark- green leafy & Orange vegetables & fruits have cancer prevention and treatment properties.

question

Magnesium

answer

______ is known to reduce inflammation which is now being connected with cancer.

question

unprocessed foods

answer

eating a variety of _____ reduce cancer risk is likely related to the complexity of nutrients found in them.

question

Flavonoids (polyphenol)

answer

_____(______) are partially responsible for the cancer prevention effect of common vegetables and fruits.

question

lower

answer

Normal-Weight, physically active individuals have _____ rates of cancer.

question

inflammatory

answer

maintaining a normal body weight helps prevent an ______ state.

question

inflammation

answer

Reducing _____ helps prevent cancer rush

question

Riboflavin folate zinc

answer

Poor diet associated with alcohol abuse can lead to deficiencies of _____, _______, & _______, which promotes a high risk of throat, colon, liver, and breast cancers.

question

alcohol

answer

Women with risk of breast cancer, avoidance of all ____ is advised.

question

folate alcohol

answer

A diet containing adequate _____ may allow women with a risk of breast cancer to safely include moderate amounts of ______ as advised by the american heart association to lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

question

Saturated

answer

Limit _____ fat intake because it is related to increased incidence of cancer.

question

Polyunsaturated

answer

Most ______ fats are now felt to increase cancer risk because of their tendency to oxidize and form free radicals.

question

oxidize free radicals omega 3 fatty acids

answer

most polyunsaturated fats are now felt to increase risk of cancer because of their tendency to ____ & form ______. The exception is the form of polyunsaturated fat known as ________.

question

fatty fish fish oils

answer

The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) & docosahexaenoix acid ( DHA), are present in: ___-___ & __-__ which appear to be protective against various forms of cancer.

question

fish EPA & DHA omega-3 fatty acids

answer

Reduction in inflammation levels from the inclusion of Fatty ____ with ___&___ _______ also may explain the association with reduced cancer risk.

question

Omega 3 fatty acids

answer

several mechanisms whereby ____ reduced cancer risk. These include: -reduced production of fatty acid arachidonic acid -- - altered gene expression - alteration of estrogen metabolism - Changes in production of free radicals - reactive oxygen species - mechanisms involving insulin sensitivity - membrane fluidity

question

Monounsaturated

answer

_______ fats, found in olive oil & the omega-3 fatty acid in ___-____ appear at least to have a neutral if not protective against cancer.

question

saturated polyunsaturated

answer

One way to decrease the intake of ______ & _____ fats is to limit the total fat intake

question

Low fat

answer

___-___ diets helps in the battle against cancer and other chronic illnesses such as heart disease & diabetes.

question

salt

answer

minimize ____ intake to lower cancer risk, especially gastric cancer.

question

salted fish

answer

Chinese- style _____ increases the risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. This should only be eaten in moderation.

question

Salt

answer

The impact of ____ on risk of cancer may have to do with its ability to erode the protective mucous lining of the stomach. a similar irritant effect on the pharyngeal region may occur.

question

Protective mucous

answer

salt has the ability to erode the ____ ____ lining of the stomach.

question

aflatoxins

answer

____ that occur with moldy foods are known carcinogens.

question

nitrosamines

answer

Avoid excess intake of foods cooked at hot temperatures, such as barbecued meats, reduces intake of harmful _________.

question

Bladder Cancer

answer

_____ is the 4th leading type of cancer in men in the united states & ranks 9th in worldwide cancer incidence.

question

cigarette smoking Chronic UTI'S

answer

___ & ____ are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.

question

Cranberry

answer

___ juice has been shown to reduce risk of UTI's.

question

chlorination arsenic phenacetin analgesics obesity

answer

Potential risk factors for bladder cancer include: -Drinking tap water with ____ by-products or ____. -Heavy consumption of ________ - containing ____. - _______

question

Fruits Vegetables B vitamins 2 6 12 folate Retinal

answer

factors that reduce risk of bladder cancer include : ___ & ____ _____ ( __,__,__) ______& _____

question

Retinol

answer

________Found in deep orange and dark green leafy vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of bladder cancer.

question

b6 retinol

answer

Vitamin __ _ & ___ showed the strongest evidence of risk reduction in bladder cancer.

question

Broccoli cauliflower brussels sprouts cabbage

answer

Compounds in Cruciferous vegetables such as: ___, _____, _____, & _____. Have an anti-carcinogenic effect on bladder cancer.

question

mushroom C

answer

Two ____ extracts, when combined with moderate amounts of vitamin ___, became highly cytotoxic, resulting in 90% cell death related to bladder cancer.

question

Breast Cancer weight

answer

_____ is the 2nd leading cause of cancer death among U.S. woman. & excess ___ appears to contribute to risk.

question

high density lipoprotein (HDL) Overweight obese

answer

A low level of _____ (___) _____, as found in the metabolic syndrome, is related to increased breast cancer in ____ & ____ woman

question

Insulin resistant High insulin

answer

The common link with obesity, type 2 diabetes and breast cancer appears to be _____ _____ with ____ ____ levels.

question

Fat

answer

Dietary ___ intake, regardless of the type, contributes to risks of postmenopausal breast cancer

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