Chapter 10 AP World History- A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe – Flashcards
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What marked the beginning of the post classical period in Western Europe?
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Fall of the Roman Empire- Until the 15th Century
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What is the period after the post classical period referred to?
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Middle Ages Dark Ages
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Civilization extended to what areas during this period?
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Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa
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Which religion will spread along with civilization?
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Christianity
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What are some of the areas that Western Europe would gain due to contact with other civilizations?
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tools, foods, technology, sciences, mathematics, paper factories
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Where was the center of the Roman Catholic Church?
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Rome
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Where was the center of the post classical West?
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France, the low countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg), Southern and Western Germany, England
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Who were the Vikings?
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Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, And Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe
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What could you say about intellectual activity?
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It declined, few could read or write- monks in monasteries could read and write
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What caused the West to be so weak?
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Lack of intellectual activity and Invasions from Vikings
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What institution kept learning alive during this rough period?
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Catholic Church
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Define Manorialism.
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system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages. Originated in Roman Empire, relied on serfs- Agricultural productivity was low-self sufficient
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Describe the life of a serf.
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Agricultural workers who received some protection from landlords in return they were obligated to turn over a portion of their goods to remain on the land. Very difficult lifestyle
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What improved agricultural production?
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The mold board- allowed deeper turning of the soil
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What was the three field system?
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System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in Western Europe. 1/3 of the land was left unplanted to allow for the ground to gain nutrients
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What types of rights did serfs have?
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could pass property rights could own homes were not of slaves
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What did the Roman Catholic Church model their organizational structure after?
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The government of the Roman Empire, Bishops were appointed by pope, priests were appointed by bishops. Pope sponsored missionaries
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What did the Pope do?
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top authority of the Church Regulated doctrine sponsored missionary active in border regions of eastern Europe
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What did Clovis use Christianity for?
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To gain greater prestige over local rivals Clovis- Frankish king- converted many to Christianity
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What purpose did the monasteries serve?
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helped discipline the intense spirituality felt by some Christians
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Who was Benedict of Nursia?
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Italian, developed monastic rules in 6th century promoted unity
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List the benefits of the monastic movement.
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Disciplined the spirituality of the west to promote Christian unity Were examples of holy life Helped improve the cultivation of the land preserved literature by copying texts
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Who were the Carolingians? Where was it based?
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Royal house of Franks after 8th century until 10th century Took over the Frankish Dynasty Northern France, Belgium, and Western Germany
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Who was Charles Martel?
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Carolingian monarch of Franks, responsible for defeating Muslims in Battle of Tours in 732. Carolingian Line
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What positive strides did Charlemagne make toward civilization?
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Established an empire in France and Germany around 800. Restore Church based education- Western Europe Growth in education
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What happened when Charlemagne died?
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Empire split into 3 as inheritance for his grandsons - Modern France, Germany, Middle Strip of Low Countries
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What area claimed the title of "Holy Roman Emperor"? What was its true nature?
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Emperors in Northern Italy and Germany following the split. Their rule had become increasingly more hollow. After Charlemagne- surge of regional monarchies
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What were positive developments introduced by the 9th and 10th centuries in western Europe?
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New Agricultural techniques developing trading centers and towns developing regional political stability end of Viking raids
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What economic gains did contact with the East bring?
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agricultural techniques stirrups and plows
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What innovations gave landlords military dominance?
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stirrups and horse collars able to fight on horseback
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What happened to the Vikings in the 10th century?
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They became less of a problem, because regional governments became stronger, and the Vikings settled down due to their conversion to Christianity
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What was a result of fewer raids and new agricultural technology?
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population growth
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What was evidence of the new economic vitality of Europe?
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less rigid social structure
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Where was the greatest concentration of urbanization after the 10th century in Europe?
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Italy and the Low Countries
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What did the pace of economic life cause on the economy?
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Growth in the economy new markets more commercial
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When did the first universities develop in Europe? What was the primary purpose to educate for?
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11th century. to train students in theology and clergy in Paris and medicine and law in Italy
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Define and explain feudalism
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relation between military elite and vassal; land in exchange for protection
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What is a fief?
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land
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Define Vassals.
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Members of the military elite who received land or benefice from a from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty
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What is the difference between the French and the feudal monarchy in England?
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England- more abrupt- due to invasion- more centralized approach French-developed slowly
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What century did France receive a feudal monarchy?
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13th century
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What region achieved a feudal monarchy before the end of the middle ages?
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England
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Name the regions where expansion from western Europe took place.
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Spain, Poland, Iceland, Greenland, East Germany
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In 1215- How did the Magna Carta show the continued power of aristocrats?
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feudalism could generate claims of rights against the power of the King- King John Confirm feudal rights against monarchy
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Describe the English Parliament.
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House of Lords represented the nobles and the Church The Commons made up the elected officials from wealthy citizens of the towns
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Who held the power in the newly developed parliaments?
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House of Lords, Commons-elected
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What was the key issue parliaments ruled on?
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taxation changes and advising the crown on other policies
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What determined a person's rights?
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The estate into which they were born
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What was unique about Europe's version of representative government?
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3 estates-3 social groups. considered the most powerful in Western Europe. Church, Nobles, Urban Leaders
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Describe the Hundred Years War
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conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453, fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states. 14th century
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What does population growth tend to cause? And what was their motivation?
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expansionist impulse, wanted to be like Rome
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What was the "reconquest"? About how long did it take?
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11th century- 1492 Spain vs. Muslims- take back land lost to the Muslims
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Who called for the First Crusade? When?
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Pope Urban II, 1095
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How were people persuaded to join?
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full forgiveness of sins if they died in battle
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Which Crusade was victorious for the Christians?
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Western Crusades
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What was the motivation of the Fourth Crusade?
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merchants in Venice turned it into an attack on their commercial rivals
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What were the results of the Crusades?
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New cultural and economic influences from Middle East Kingdom of Jerusalem ruled the West for 100yrs and the Holy Land 4th Crusade temporarily conquered Constantinople Crusades had little impact on Islamic World
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What secular problem did the Church struggle with?
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land holdings and political interests- power struggles
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Who was St. Clare of Assisi and St. Francis of Assisi?
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Sts who converted to a life of poverty to fight the secular problems - St. Clare reformed monastic rules -Franciscans- devoted life to poverty
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Who was Pope Gregory VIII?
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Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free the Church from interference of feudal lord; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture
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When was the High Middle Ages?
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12th and 13th centuries
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What were the High Middle Ages three ingredients?
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population, agriculture, cities
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What was the focus of intellectual thought?
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faith in God's word and human reason could move toward an understanding of natural order
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What did Peter Abelard contribute to conversion?
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wrote Yes and No, in which he showed several logical contradictions in established interpretations of doctrine.
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What view did St. Bernard of Clair Vaux advocate?
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stressed the importance of mystical union with God over logic and philosophy
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How were schools in the West different from China?
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West- the universities were not directly tied into a single bureaucratic system
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How did St. Thomas Aquinas link reason and faith?
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Through reason alone, humans could know much of the natural order, moral law and the nature of God- Taught at the University of Paris
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What is scholasticism?
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Dominant medieval philosophical approach called so because of its base in the schools; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems
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What was the Christian view of scientific research?
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It did not encourage scientific research
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What was the purpose of medieval art?
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intended to serve the glory of God
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What was the popular architectural form?
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Gothic
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How had the serf's economic standing change?
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serfs were gaining a new sense of freedom and control over their own land- only few restraints due to manoralism
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How did this affect the interaction between aristocrats and peasants?
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there were peasant-landlord battles landlords raised taxes Peasants wanted rights
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What was introduced to the west?
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banking- facilitated long distance trade of money and goods
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Who was opposed to the use of money?
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Christian moralists
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Give example of the first capitalist ventures.
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luxury items silk spices cloths
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What was the Hanseatic League?
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organization of cities in Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
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What were the results of the improved economy of the High Middle Ages?
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Some peasants became free farmers with little Manoralism Urban Growth allowed manufacturing and banking Money replaced bartering trade allowed for redeveloping commerce with the Mediterranean and beyond
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What were some of the functions of the merchants and artisan guilds?
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guaranteed good workmanship Split up the shares and resources Regulated apprenticeship limitation of membership
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Who was Jacques Coeur?
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one of Europe's most extraordinary merchants French- had the largest French citizen owned fleet 1395-1456 Close Papal ties Tortured and confessed to crimes and lost his property
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What was the purpose of a guild?
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sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city
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What new institution valued women's contributions?
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Christianity commerce craft guilds
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C/C women in Christianity and Islam.
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Christianity higher status, less segregated in Religious services
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What European conflict weakened and strained their governments and treasuries?
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Hundred Years War- kings reduced their reliance on the prancing forces of the nobility in favor of paid armies- French victory
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What were the military turning points during the Hundred Years War?
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use of archers- could unseat armored men on horseback
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What were areas of decline?
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agriculture- could not keep up no new land no new technology 1438- Black Death
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How was the role played by aristocrats challenged at the end of the medieval period?
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warfare skill questioned signs of confusion new weaponry made old defenses irrelevant
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How did the aristocrats combat the declining role?
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emphasized a rich ceremonial style of life More cultivated
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In what ways did the Church lose some of its role?
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Rival claimants to the papacy confused people Church Leaders became so preoccupied with their political movement that they tended to neglect the Spiritual Side
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Define Middle Ages.
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Between fall of Rome and fall of Constantinople 500- 1500
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Middle Ages was a period of what?
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Growing dynamism, population growth, decrease in technology and food, growing cities, trade, Gothic Art
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What was the results of the Hundred Years War during the 14th and 15th centuries?
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kings reduced the reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies
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What were the threats to the sources of Western vitality at the end of the Middle Ages?
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Black Death lack of agriculture disputes between landlords and peasants and artisans manufacturing and technology developed slowly
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What were the typical challenges to typical medieval institutions in the 15th century?
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medieval technology and intellectual synthesis was breaking down land owning aristocracy lost its importance as chief military force Parliaments limited power of kings and provided support to the merchant class balance of church and state- turned toward state dominating
