Chapter 1 US History – Flashcards

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Nomadic
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Some Native American tribes that moved often for food and water.
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Aztec
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c. 1200; lived in the Valley of Mexico; later conquered by Cortez.
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Anasazi
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introduced crops into arid deserts of the Southwest c.300 BC
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Pueblo
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from Anasazi and Hohokam; architecturally advanced
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Iroquois
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Northeastern hunters/fishers
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Benin
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c. 1400 kingdom ruled by a single leader, became a major West African state in the 1400s
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Ewuare
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Developed Benin City and ruler of Benin
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Kongo
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Kingdom of smaller kingdoms all ruled by one leader. Based on agriculture; ruled by hereditary monarchy
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Islam
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monotheistic religion spread through trade routes across North Africa c. 1400
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Christianity
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teaching from the life of Jesus; spread by Europeans. Clashing of Christianity and Islam lead to Crusades
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Reformation
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split between protestants and Catholics; took power from the Pope
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Renaissance
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rebirth of art highlighting the physical world
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Christopher Columbus
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Spanish explorer looking for a short route to India, landed in Bahamas and settled there. Harsh rule and helped bring together the European, American, and African worlds. In search of God, Gold, and Glory
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Taino
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people living where Columbus landed "Nobel Ones" Wiped out by Columbus and Spanish
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Between Spain and Portugal; divided Western Hemisphere between the two countries --> lead to jealousy between other nations.
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Columbian Exchange
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global transfer of living things (livestock, raw materials, food, disease) from America, Europe, and Africa.
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conquistador
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Spanish explorers who conquered parts of America
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Hernando Cortes
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1519 Conquered Aztec empire with advanced army and smallpox/measles. Used Aztecs for mining gold
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Montezuma
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Aztec emperor; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; assumed that the Spanish were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries.
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mestizo
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mixed Spanish-Native American child, result of Spanish men mating with Native American women
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encomienda
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Spanish authorities allowed explorers to demand Native labor (very close to slavery for the natives)
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New Spain
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Mexico and parts of Guatemala
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New Mexico
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Capital = Santa Fe Royal Road location; goods traveled between Santa Fe and Mexico City.
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John Smith
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founder of James Town, came to America for profit; explorer
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Jamestown
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First permanent English settlement; located in Virginia. Founded by London Company
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joint-stock companies
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money from English companies and investors to fund American exploration. Failed in some cities that could not find gold (ex. Jamestown)
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indentured servants
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many of the first English settlers in Americas had to pay off debs with labor for 4-7 years; replaced so by African slaves
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puritan
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christians who wanted to separate from the Catholic church. Has subgroups of Separatists and Pilgrims. Formed both Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies
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John Winthrop
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founder (with Puritans) of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded for religious spreading and as a model for other colonies. "City upon a hill"
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King Phillip's War
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War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. Was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.
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William Penn
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was owed money from King Charles and was payed off by getting land. Founder of Pennsylvania
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Quaker
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Lead by William Penn, religious tolerance
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mercantilism
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An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
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Navigation Acts
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Only English ships could trade with English colonies, ¾ of crew on ships must be english, all ships going to English colonies must pass through an English port, and an exclusivity on certain raw materials put a type of monopoly on trade and benefitted both England and America.
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triangular trade
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routes between America, West Indies, and West Africa trading rum, raw materials, and slaves
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middle passage
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trading African slaves to West Indies (from there they went to America)
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Enlightenment
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Emphasis on questions + nature; science over religion; questions church and politics (TJ)
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Benjamin Franklin
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American ENLIGHTENMENT figure who was a scientist and inventor
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Great Awakening
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Puritan influence waning (due to religious tolerance), wanted to bring back Puritan goals Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
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Jonathan Edwards
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Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god", not enough to just come to church (must live by the church)
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French and Indian War
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(1754-1763) fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. French enlisted the help of Native alliances
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William Pitt
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British Minister determined to expel French from North America during 7 years war
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Pontiac
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Chief native who captured eight British forts in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes area; in response, British wiped them out with disease
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Proclamation of 1763
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established a line along the Appalachians that the colonists could not cross; gave Natives a piece of land. British DID cross and expand West.
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