Sociology Chapter 1 : the Sociological Perspective – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
 
question
Sociology
answer
The systematic study of human society, culture and relationships on a group level
question
Sociological Perspective
answer
seeing the general in the particular **sociologists look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people
question
Social Institutions
answer
major structures made up of groups or ideas that influence peoples daily lives, views of the world or integration into society
question
Examples of social institutions
answer
a. religious groups b. schools c. families d. political organizations
question
Careers in sociology
answer
a. work at colleges b. school/hospital (clinical sociologist) c. sociology can benefit almost any career
question
Social psychologist
answer
a person whose career is directly helping to improve peoples lives using sociological concepts.
question
August Comte
answer
came up with the term - Sociology (1838)
question
3 Stages of Society
answer
1. Theological Stage 2. Metaphysical Stage 3. Scientific Stage
question
Theological Stage
answer
people viewed the world and events in that world as a direct expression of the will of the gods. i.e. bad weather =angry weather gods
question
Metaphysical Stage
answer
people viewed the world and events as natural reflections of human tendencies i.e. still believed in gods abstractly, but believed problems in the world were d/t defects in humanity (astrology) **considered the transition stage**
question
Scientific Stage
answer
people view the world and events as explained by scientific principles
question
Positivism
answer
the belief that societies have their own scientific principles and laws, just like physics or chemistry.
question
Sociology's 4 Theoretical Perspectives
answer
1. Stuctural-Functional Theory 2. Social Conflict Theory 3. Feminism 4. Symbolic Interactionism
question
Theory
answer
a statement of how and why specific facts are related **theories attempt to explain why groups of people choose to perform certain actions and how societies function or change in a certain way.
question
global perspective
answer
the study of the larger world and our society's place in it
question
high income countries
answer
nations with the highest overall standards of living
question
middle-income countries
answer
nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
question
low-income countries
answer
nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor
question
sociological imagination
answer
(C. Wright Mills) the ability to see our private experiences and personal difficulties as entwined with the structural arrangements of our society and the historical times in which we live i.e unemployment d/t poor economy.
question
Structural-functional approach
answer
framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
question
theoretical approach
answer
a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
question
social structure
answer
any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
question
social functions
answer
the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
question
manifest functions
answer
the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
question
latent functions
answer
the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
question
social dysfunction
answer
any social pattern that may disrupt operation of society
question
social-conflict approach
answer
a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
question
gender-conflict approach
answer
a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men
question
feminism
answer
support of social equality for women and men
question
race-conflict approach
answer
a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
question
macro-level orientation
answer
a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
question
micro-level orientation
answer
a close-up focus on social interaction on specific situations
question
symbolic-interaction approach
answer
a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals *micro-level approach
question
stereotype
answer
a simplified description applied to every person in some category
question
According to sociologists, human behavior reflects our personal "free will." T or F
answer
False
question
Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society. T or F
answer
True
question
Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behavior.
answer
False
question
Using the sociological perspective, we would conclude that people's lives are mostly a result of what they decide to do.
answer
False
question
College students in the U.S. tend to come from families with above-average incomes.
answer
True
question
Durkheim documented that categories of people with weaker social ties have lower suicide rates.
answer
False
question
In the United States, African Americans have a higher suicide rate than whites.
answer
False
question
People with lower social standing are usually more likely to see the world from a sociological perspective than people who are well off
answer
True
question
In the United States, men have a higher suicide rate than women.
answer
True
question
A global perspective has little in common with a sociological perspective.
answer
False
question
U.S. sociologist C. Wright Mills argued that times of social crisis foster widespread sociological thinking.
answer
True
question
C. Wright Mills claimed that, most of the time, people must learn to take responsibility for their own problems.
answer
False
question
Studying other societies is a good way to learn about our own way of life
answer
True
question
Societies around the world are more interconnected than ever before.
answer
True
question
Based on the work of Barbara Ehrenreich, who tried to live by working at low-wage jobs, we should expect most people in such jobs to be able to move ahead to better paying work.
answer
False
question
Sociological research may be interesting, but it is of little use in shaping public policy, including legislation.
answer
False
question
The sociological perspective reveals the truth of the "common sense" beliefs we tend to take for granted.
answer
True
question
Understanding how society operates benefits only the most privileged people.
answer
False
question
Sociology is useful training for any job that involves working with people.
answer
True
question
Revolutionary changes in European societies sparked the development of sociology
answer
True
question
The term "sociology" was coined by Emile Durkheim in 1898.
answer
False
question
As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England.
answer
True
question
Ancient philosophers, including Plato, were primarily interested in imagining the "ideal" society rather than studying society as it really is.
answer
True
question
The last of Comte's three stages is the metaphysical stage, in which people know the world in terms of God's will.
answer
False
question
Among all academic disciplines, sociology is one of the youngest.
answer
True
question
Auguste Comte was a positivist who believed that there were laws of society in the same way that there are laws of physics that describe the operation of the natural world.
answer
True
question
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that society reflected the basic goodness of human nature.
answer
False
question
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
answer
suggested that society reflected not the perfection of God so much as the failings of a selfish human nature
question
W.E.B. Du Bois translated the writings of Auguste Comte from French into English.
answer
False
question
Sociologists test their theories by gathering facts in order to confirm, reject, or modify them.
answer
True
question
The structural-functional, social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction approaches are three basic theoretical approaches in sociology.
answer
True
question
According to Robert K. Merton, social patterns are always good and have the same effect on all members of a society.
answer
False
question
Rarely are people aware of all the functions of any social structure.
answer
True
question
To say that a social pattern is "dysfunctional" means that it has more than one function for the operation of society.
answer
False
question
Keeping young people out of the labor market is one latent function of higher education.
answer
True; an unintended consequence
question
The manifest functions of our society's reliance on personal automobiles include tens of thousands of deaths each year in traffic accidents.
answer
False; not an intended consequence
question
The goal of the structural-functional approach is not simply to understand how society operates, but to reduce social inequality.
answer
False
question
In the United States, secondary schools place students in college preparatory tracks that partially reflect the social background of their families.
answer
True
question
W.E.B. Du Bois wrote a classic study of the African American community in Philadelphia.
answer
True
question
Both Karl Marx and W.E.B. Du Bois carried out their work following the structural-functional approach.
answer
False
question
Both feminism and the gender-conflict approach highlight ways in which women are unequal to men.
answer
True
question
Both Jane Addams and Harriet Martineau are remembered today because they were married to important sociologists.
answer
False
question
Like the gender-conflict approach, the race-conflict approach is concerned with social inequality.
answer
True
question
The symbolic-interaction approach is a micro-level orientation.
answer
True
question
The focus of the symbolic-interaction approach is how society is divided by class, race, and gender.
answer
False
question
Social-exchange analysis is one micro-level approach to understanding social interaction.
answer
True
question
social-exchange analysis
answer
social interaction is guided by what each person stands to gain or lose from the interaction
question
Sociological research shows that all categories of people have had the same opportunities to participate in sports.
answer
False
question
Stacking" in sports is the pattern by which people of one racial category disproportionately play in favored positions.
answer
True
question
The meaning people find in competitive sports would be one focus of a symbolic-interaction approach.
answer
True
question
A symbolic-interaction analysis focuses on how social interaction in any everyday life setting involves social inequality
answer
False
question
Sociological generalizations are the same as simple stereotypes.
answer
False
question
What might a sociologist say about people's selection of marriage partners? a. People marry because they fall in love. b. When it comes to romance, it's all a matter of personal taste. c. Typically, a person marries someone of similar social position. d. When it comes to love, opposites attract.
answer
C
question
What does the idea that the social world guides our actions and life choices just as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing describe? a. the basis of what philosophy calls "free will" b. the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology c. the fact that people everywhere have "common sense" d. the fact that people from countries all around the world make mostly identical choices about how to live
answer
B
question
Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"? a. sociology b. psychology c. economics d. history
answer
A
question
Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______. a. good; worst tragedies b. new; old c. specific; general d. general; particular
answer
D
question
By stating that the sociological perspective shows us "the strange in the familiar," the text argues that sociologists a. focus on the bizarre elements of society. b. reject the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. c. believe that people often behave in strange ways. d. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits.
answer
B
question
Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of a. only age, because college students tend to be young. b. only class, because college students tend to come from families with above-average incomes. c. only our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people. d. age, class, and our place in history, because of these are all ways in which society guides college attendance.
answer
D
question
The chapter's sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects a. only her preference for family size. b. how many children she can afford. c. whether she lives in a poor or a rich society. d. simply the desires of her husband.
answer
C
question
According to Emile Durkheim, people with a higher suicide rate typically have a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. greater self-esteem.
answer
C
question
The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was a. Robert K. Merton. b. Auguste Comte. c. Emile Durkheim. d. Karl Marx.
answer
C
question
In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following? a. white males b. African American males c. white females d. African American females
answer
A
question
Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be a. higher in urban areas. b. higher in rural areas. c. high in both urban and rural areas. d. low in both urban and rural areas.
answer
B
question
Sociologists use the term "social marginality" to refer to a. people who have little understanding of sociology. b. people who have special social skills. c. people who are defined by others as an "outsider." d. people who are especially sensitive about their family background.
answer
C
question
If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective? a. the wealthy b. disabled persons or people who are a racial minority c. politicians d. the middle class
answer
B
question
Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be more widespread in a population a. during times of peace and prosperity. b. among the very rich. c. among very religious people. d. during times of social crisis.
answer
D
question
C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense.
answer
C
question
The United States falls within which category of the world's nations? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. None of the above is correct.
answer
C
question
Which of the following categories contains countries in which average income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. None of the above is correct.
answer
B
question
The nations of Western Europe, Israel, Japan, and Australia fall into which of the following categories of countries? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. None of the above is correct.
answer
C
question
Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within which of the following categories? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. very rich nations
answer
B
question
The text presents a portrait of a "global village." Which of the following statements about this village is true? a. More than half the people are North Americans. b. More than half the people are rich. c. More than half the people are Asians. d. More than half the people do not get enough to eat.
answer
C
question
Read the following statements. Which one is TRUE? a. Because the United States is so rich, there is little reason for us to learn about other nations. b. Gaining a global understanding is important for college students because most new U.S. jobs involve international trade. c. There is no longer very much poverty in the world. d. People the world over have ways of life that are mostly the same.
answer
B
question
About 1.4 million immigrants enter the United States each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that a. the world's nations are increasingly interconnected. b. other nations have little effects on life in rich countries such as the United States. c. people around the world share little in terms of their ways of life. d. sociology does not have to pay attention to nations other than the United States.
answer
A
question
Read the following four statements about social patterns we find in the world as a whole. Which statement is FALSE? a. The world is now home to 7 billion people. b. A majority of the world's people live in Asia. c. People in the United States make up one-third of the global population. d. Less than 10 percent of the world's people have completed a college degree.
answer
C
question
Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to a. end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. b. accept what people in the United States call "common sense." c. assume that people's lives simply reflect the choices they make. d. gradually understand less and less about her own way of life.
answer
A
question
Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. b. accepting commonly-held wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happy with their lives as they are.
answer
A
question
Which of the following statements best illustrates the career advantage a person gains by studying sociology? a. A researcher discovers a new and effective vaccine. b. A person in retail sales knows how to exceed the monthly sales target. c. A police officer understands which categories of people who are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. d. A financial services worker devises a new type of hedge fund.
answer
C
question
Sociologist Lenore Weitzman carried out research showing that women who divorce a. typically remarry within one year. b. claim they are happier than before. c. suffer a significant loss of income. d. have a happier sex life.
answer
C
question
Learning more sociology can help you to do all but which one of the following? a. assess the truth of "common sense" b. assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives c. be more active participants in society d. see how individuals guide their own lives through "free will"
answer
D
question
In the box about Barbara Ehrenreich working at low-wage jobs, we learned that she a. was able to make a good living right from the start. b. worked very hard, but never made enough money to pay for her basic needs. c. found most of her coworkers to be dull and lazy. d. ended up convinced that personal ability is everything.
answer
B
question
Sociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work a. only as teachers of sociology. b. only in criminal justice or social work. c. only as clinical sociologists. d. in teaching, criminal justice, business, and many other careers.
answer
D
question
Examples of people applying their knowledge of sociology at work include people in a. law enforcement, understanding which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. b. medicine, understanding patterns of health in a community. c. business, dealing with different categories of people. d. All of the responses included here are correct.
answer
D
question
Which of the following historical changes is among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline? a. the founding of the Roman Catholic church b. the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities c. the power of tradition d. a belief that our futures are defined by "fate"
answer
B
question
We would expect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was a. very traditional. b. experiencing many social changes. c. very poor. d. small and socially isolated.
answer
b
question
In which of the countries noted below did sociology first appear as a formal discipline? a. the United States b. Japan c. France d. China
answer
C
question
The concept "sociology" was coined in 1838 by a. Karl Marx. b. Herbert Spencer. c. Adam Smith. d. Auguste Comte.
answer
D
question
Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on a. what the ideal society should be. b. human nature. c. the place of God in shaping human events. d. how society actually operates.
answer
D
question
The major goal of sociology's pioneers, including Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, was a. to serve the powerful. b. to help build an "ideal society." c. to discover how society actually operates. d. to prevent disruptive social change.
answer
C
question
Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of historical development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage
answer
A
question
The ancient Romans saw the stars as being gods. Auguste Comte would classify Roman society as which of the following stages of history? a. scientific stage b. metaphysical stage c. theological stage d. post-scientific stage
answer
C
question
According to Auguste Comte, people begin to see society as a natural—rather than a supernatural—phenomenon as their society enters which stage of development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage
answer
B
question
Thomas Hobbes's idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of Comte's historical stages? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. None of the above is correct.
answer
B
question
According to Auguste Comte, people living in Europe during the Middle Ages thought of society as a. a system operating according to its own laws. b. chaotic and having little order or form. c. an expression of God's will. d. a system behavior according to natural laws
answer
C
question
According to Auguste Comte, the type of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development? a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post-scientific stage
answer
C
question
_____ is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Tradition b. Positivism c. Metaphysics d. Free will
answer
B
question
When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the United States? a. during the Middle Ages b. about 1800 c. about 1900 d. about 2000
answer
C
question
Most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte's claim that a. no society has reached the scientific stage of history. b. human behavior is not patterned and orderly. c. sociology should be based on religion. d. science has an important place in sociology.
answer
D
question
Sociologists cannot identify "laws of society" that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because a. human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous. b. sociology is still very young. c. no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws. d. no sociologist would wish to predict human behavior.
answer
A
question
A statement that explains how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) a. approach. b. precept. c. concept. d. theory.
answer
D
question
To evaluate a theory using evidence, sociologists a. gather data or facts. b. accept the conventional wisdom of their society. c. are guided by their personal feelings about the issue. d. look to the past for guidance.
answer
A
question
If we state that children raised in single-parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a(n)_____ of family life. a. approach b. precept c. concept d. theory
answer
D
question
In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by a. one or more theoretical approaches. b. their own common sense. c. our society's traditional wisdom. d. sheer chance.
answer
A
question
Looking at the United States, high suicide rates are typical of areas in which people a. live densely packed in cities. b. live spread apart in rural areas. c. have higher incomes. d. live in a warmer climate.
answer
b
question
Which theoretical approach was used by the early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. no theoretical approach was used
answer
a
question
The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. tradition-based approach.
answer
A
question
Which concept is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behavior? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions
answer
A
question
Which of the following best describes the focus of the structural-functional approach? a. the meaning people attach to their behavior b. patterns of social inequality c. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society d. ways in which each person differs from all others
answer
c
question
Using the structural-functional approach, which of the following questions might you ask about marriage? a. What do people think marriage means? b. How does marriage benefit women and men unequally? c. What are the consequences of marriage for the operation of society? d. How can we help people find more pleasure in their marriages?
answer
c
question
Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. What is the term for these negative consequences? a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions
answer
d
question
Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional approach. a. Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, W.E.B. Du Bois b. Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim c. Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Auguste Comte d. Harriet Martineau, Robert Merton, W.E.B. Du Bois
answer
b
question
Herbert Spencer described human society as a complex system having much in common with a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the human body.
answer
d
question
Who was the U.S. sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns? a. Robert K. Merton b. William Graham Sumner c. Talcott Parsons d. C. Wright Mills
answer
a
question
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions.
answer
b
question
Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions.
answer
a
question
Which of the following is the best example of a latent function of going to college? a. providing skills needed for later jobs b. keeping young people out of the labor force, which may not have jobs for them c. gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citizen d. giving young people experience living on their own
answer
b
question
Robert Merton explained that what is functional for one category of a society's population a. is always functional for everyone. b. may not be functional for another category. c. is unlikely to change over time. d. can never be functional in the future.
answer
b
question
The main characteristic of the _____ approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable. a. structural-functional b. social-conflict c. social-interaction d. tradition-based
answer
a
question
Which of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach? a. It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. b. It focuses too much on social dysfunction. c. It focuses too much on power divisions in society. d. It is a politically liberal view of society.
answer
a
question
The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. tradition-based approach.
answer
b
question
The social-conflict approach draws attention to a. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. b. how people construct meaning in their interaction. c. patterns of social inequality. d. the stable aspects of society.
answer
C
question
Looking at the operation of U.S. schools, the social-conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that a. the function of schools is to teach needed skills. b. the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. c. schools have been a major path to social advancement. d. tracking provides some students with far better schooling than others.
answer
D
question
Which of the following statements might be made by a sociologist using the gender-conflict approach? a. Men and women share in the joys of family life. b. In many ways, men are in positions of power over women. c. Gender functions in an important way to keep society operating. d. All of the above are correct.
answer
B
question
Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte? a. Harriet Martineau b. Jane Addams c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton d. Dorothea Dix
answer
A
question
Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer
answer
A
question
Karl Marx, speaking for the social-conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was a. to understand how society really operates. b. to compare U.S. society to others. c. to foster support for a nation's government. d. to bring about greater social justice.
answer
D
question
Which of the following early sociologists had an important influence on the development of the social-conflict approach? a. Karl Marx b. Talcott Parsons c. Emile Durkheim d. Herbert Spencer
answer
A
question
Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer
answer
C
question
Which early U.S. sociologist studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)? a. Jane Addams b. Harriet Martineau c. W.E.B. Du Bois d. Herbert Spencer
answer
C
question
Which theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, African American families have less income than white families? a. the race-conflict approach b. the gender-conflict approach c. the structural-functional approach d. the symbolic-interaction approach
answer
A
question
Using the social-conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight which of the following? a. income differences among young people in high school b. gender inequality in college sports c. racial inequality in a company's hiring and promotion practices d. the functions of a social institution such as the family
answer
D
question
W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that _____ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity
answer
B
question
W.E.B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because a. most felt that, compared to white people, they had to be twice as careful in how they acted. b. there is a double disadvantage in being both poor and black. c. black people have to work twice as hard as whites to get the same reward. d. they are American citizens who have a second identity based on skin color.
answer
D
question
The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for a. focusing on values that everyone shares. b. being openly political. c. promoting the status quo. d. All of the above are correct.
answer
B
question
The _____ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad terms. a. structural-functional and social-conflict b. structural-functional and symbolic-interaction c. social-conflict and symbolic-interaction d. All of the above are correct.
answer
A
question
Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus? a. the operation of the U.S. economy b. patterns of global terrorism c. two people on an airplane getting to know one another d. class inequality in the armed forces
answer
C
question
The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations. c. a system that operates to benefit people. d. a system that generates social inequality.
answer
B
question
Which theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior? a. structural-functional approach b. social-conflict approach c. symbolic-interaction approach d. social-exchange approach
answer
C
question
Which of the following founding sociologists urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Max Weber
answer
D
question
Which of the following statements reflects a social-exchange analysis? a. People typically seek mates who offer as much as they do b. Class differences are reflected in favored sports c. People build reality as they introduce themselves d. People who do more important work usually earn more pay
answer
A
question
A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it a. calls attention to major social institutions. b. ignores the influence of factors such as culture, class, gender, and race. c. paints a very positive picture of society. d. says little about how individuals actually experience society.
answer
B
question
Which of the following questions is the focus of the symbolic-interaction approach? a. How is society held together? b. How is society divided? c. How do people experience society? d. How do some people protect their privileges?
answer
C
question
Which of the following is a manifest function of sports? a. providing recreation and physical conditioning b. fostering social relationships c. generating jobs d. teaching a society's way of life
answer
A
question
Building social relationships and creating tens of thousands of jobs are two of the ____ of sports. a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. dysfunctions d. non-functions
answer
B
question
Which of the following would be the focus of a social-conflict analysis of sports? a. the way in which sports help encourage competition b. the importance of physical ability in success c. how sports reflect social inequality d. the different meanings people attach to games
answer
C
question
Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in a. the positions typically played by white and black players. b. the exclusion of African American players from professional sports. c. the fact that most managers and team owners are African American. d. the fact that women's sports attract less attention than men's sports.
answer
A
question
Which of the following statements is based on a symbolic-interaction analysis of sports? a. Winning at sports means different things to different people. b. Some categories of people benefit more than others from sports. c. Sports help develop important cultural values. d. "Stacking" is a type of racial inequality in sports.
answer
A
question
Using the symbolic-interaction approach, sports becomes a. a structure that contributes to the functioning of society. b. a matter of social inequality. c. less a system than an ongoing process. d. just a game without any meaning.
answer
C
question
A simplified description unfairly applied to every person in some category is called a. a sociological insight. b. a sociological generalization. c. a stereotype. d. an act of discrimination.
answer
C
question
Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations a. do not apply to all individuals in some category. b. are based on all available facts. c. are offered fair-mindedly with an interest in the truth. d. All of the responses given here are correct.
answer
D
question
Which of the following is a limitation of the symbolic-interaction approach? a. not being concerned with the meaning people attach to behavior b. not focusing on macro-level social structures c. not using the sociological perspective d. not focusing on interaction in some everyday situation
answer
D
question
Which of the following is a limitation of the structural-functional approach? a. not being concerned with the meaning people attach to behavior b. not focusing on macro-level social structures c. not using the sociological perspective d. not focusing on the consequences of patterns for society as a whole
answer
D
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New