question

Organs are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells. This is an example of which characteristic of life?

answer

Living things have levels of hierarchical organization.

question

The smallest unit that has all of the characteristics of life is the:

answer

cell

question

Which level of biological organization is composed of several tissues?

answer

organ

question

Which sequence correctly lists the different levels of biological organization, from the smallest and simplest to the largest and most complex?

answer

cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms

question

. Which statement concerning reproduction is false?

answer

The offspring of multi cellular organisms tend to be identical to the parent.

question

What is the correct format for the binomial name of human beings?

answer

Homo sapiens

question

Corn belongs to the kingdom

answer

Plantae.

question

The three major domains of life are

answer

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.

question

A multicellular, photosynthetic organism with complex, specialized cells and tissues would most likely be assigned to

answer

kingdom Plantae.

question

The layer where organisms can exist on the surface of the earth is the

answer

biosphere.

question

. All the organisms of various species living within a given area constitute a(n)

answer

community.

question

A community of organisms along with their physical environment constitutes a(n)

answer

ecosystem.

question

The most important factor that determines where ecosystems are located on the globe is

answer

climate.

question

A possible explanation for a natural event, based on observations and past knowledge, is a

answer

hypothesis.

question

1.Which statement regarding the scientific method is FALSE?

answer

A control group is always exposed to the factor being tested.

question

Which answer choice lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order?

answer

observation, hypothesis, experiment, data collection, conclusion

question

Which of the following is one of the domains of life?

answer

Eukarya

question

A physician specializes in surgery involving the following group of organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Overall, what is the highest level of organization that this physician is specialized in?

answer

organ system

question

Which statement about living organisms is not correct?

answer

Living organisms create energy.

question

When you are overheated, you perspire, and when you are too cold, you shiver to generate heat. Which property of life is best represented by this example?

answer

homeostasis

question

. The body temperature in humans is maintained around 37C. Which characteristic of life does this information represent?

answer

Living things are homeostatic.

question

The bones in a bird are hollow, reducing its weight for flight. This is an example of which characteristic of life?

answer

Living things are adapted.

question

All the banded sunfish () in a pond would comprise a(n)

answer

population.

question

When comparing energy and chemicals in an ecosystem,

answer

chemicals cycle over and over again but energy flows through once.

question

Which statement is false regarding science?

answer

Correct scientific conclusions are permanent and never subject to change or refinement.

question

.2 Which statement regarding the scientific method is false?

answer

Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment.

question

3 Which statement regarding the scientific method is false?

answer

Hypotheses are finally proven as absolutely true or false.

question

4 Which statement regarding the scientific method is false?

answer

. Theories formed in everyday life carry the same validity as a scientific theory

question

When researchers test a new human cancer drug using mice, the mice constitute the

answer

model.

question

. Which of the following domains contains organisms that are adapted to life in harsh environments?

answer

Domain Archaea

question

Which domains contain organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus?

answer

Archaea & Bacteria

question

. A piece of petrified wood was once part of a living organism that has had its tissues replaced by minerals. Which property of life will still be present in the wood?

answer

organization.

question

. An unmanned spacecraft has been sent to another planet to detect other life forms that might be quite different from those on Earth. If the probe could only send back one still picture, which property or properties of life would be observable in a picture?

answer

organization

question

Ever since the antibiotic drug penicillin was discovered in 1928, the incidence of resistant bacteria has steadily increased as a direct result of

answer

natural selection.

question

Nutrient molecules are used to build cellular structures or for energy. This best represents which characteristic of life?

answer

Living things acquire materials and energy from the environment.

question

You have discovered a previously unknown organism. It is multicellular, with a filamentous form, and absorbs food from its environment. Upon microscopic examination, you see that the cells have nuclei. How would you classify this organism?

answer

kingdom Fungi

question

Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning used to form a hypothesis?

answer

Every fungus that has ever been studied absorbs its food; therefore, food absorption is characteristic of fungi.

question

You are conducting an experiment to determine which brand of fertilizer results in the greatest amount of fruit production by tomato plants. In this example, the response variable would be the

answer

amount of fruit produced by the tomato plants.

question

Which is the least importance when concerning the preservation of ecosystems?

answer

Preservation of ecosystems allows humans to exploit as many resources as possible.

question

If a new anti-cancer drug is found to be effective in initial tests with mice, what might researchers conclude?

answer

The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans.

question

Some students consume large amounts of coffee and so-called energy drinks to help them stay alert when studying. You notice that many who engage in this practice seem to do poorly on exams. Suppose you want to investigate the relationship between caffeine consumption and exam performance. Which of the following statements would be an appropriate hypothesis?

answer

Students who consume large amounts of caffeine while studying will have lower exam scores than those who consume less caffeine.

question

You are conducting an experiment to determine what concentration of disinfectant is most effective in killing bacteria. In this example, the concentration of disinfectant would represent the

answer

experimental variable.

question

In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur was searching for a vaccine for anthrax in livestock. One French veterinarian had a local reputation for being able to cure anthrax by applying oils and wrapping the animal in cloth to induce a fever. Pasteur also knew that some animals got well on their own when left untreated. Pasteur tested the effectiveness of the local veterinarian's methods by injecting four cattle with anthrax bacteria. He then directed the veterinarian to perform his procedures on two cattle. The other two cattle were left alone. What is the rationale for Pasteur's experimental design?

answer

Two cattle represent a test of the treatment; two serve as a control to determine the likelihood of survival without treatment.

question

59. In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur was searching for a vaccine for anthrax in livestock. One French veterinarian had a local reputation for being able to cure anthrax by applying oils and wrapping the animal in cloth to induce a fever. Pasteur also knew that some animals got well on their own when left untreated. Pasteur tested the effectiveness of the local veterinarian's methods by injecting four cattle with anthrax bacteria. He then directed the veterinarian to perform his procedures on two cattle. The other two cattle were left alone. One cow from each group died and the other one in each group survived. Pasteur dismissed the veterinarian's procedure as ineffective, but he also considered this to be a poor test. Why would he consider this to be a poor test?

answer

With such a small group you can't determine if survival was dependent on the treatment or random chance.

question

Which of the following subatomic particles will be found within the nucleus of the atom?

answer

protons and neutrons

question

If an element has an atomic number of 15, then

answer

the atom has 15 electrons.

question

The atomic mass of an element

answer

is determined by the number of protons and neutrons it contains.

question

The nucleus of an atom contains

answer

protons and neutrons.

question

isotopes of a given element have

answer

the same number of protons but differ in atomic mass.

question

To measure the activity of the human brain during certain thought processes, a short-lived radioactive sugar is injected in the carotid artery and is utilized by those cells that are most active. This shows up on a PET scan and demonstrates the detection of

answer

isotopes.

question

Which of the following radiation uses is the one that is most likely to have both beneficial and harmful consequences?

answer

using radiation to treat a cancer patient

question

Which of the following radioactive isotopes are used to detect whether or not an individual has a healthy thyroid?

answer

I^131

question

The chemical reactivity of an element is dependent on

answer

the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

question

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the bonds in order of strongest to weakest?

answer

double covalent - single covalent - ionic - hydrogen

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true of chemical bonds?

answer

Salts are covalently bonded.

question

An ion is an atom that

answer

has a net charge.

question

If neutral atoms become positive ions, they

answer

lose electrons.

question

When an ionic bond forms, electrons are

answer

transferred from one atom to another.

question

Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is an ionic compound in which

answer

calcium has lost two electrons.

question

A covalent bond is .

answer

a sharing of electrons between two atoms.

question

Polar covalent bonds result from

answer

unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.

question

Which type of bond formation is responsible for the properties of water?

answer

hydrogen

question

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonding is incorrect?

answer

Hydrogen bonding occurs only between water molecules.

question

Which of the following is not a property of water that results from hydrogen bonding?

answer

Ice melts at -100°C.

question

Water is a liquid at room temperature. This is due to

answer

hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

question

The moon lacks life and varies dramatically in temperature. If we could keep a layer of water spread on the surface of the moon, what effect would it have?

answer

Water would absorb and hold heat and moderate the temperature extremes.

question

In water, a weak hydrogen bond occurs between hydrogen in one molecule and

answer

an oxygen atom in a different molecule.

question

You notice that rain water forms "beads" on your car. This is an example of what property of water?

answer

cohesion

question

Hydrogen bonding produces which of the following properties of water? .

answer

Water is less dense as ice than as liquid water.

question

The water strider is an insect that skates across the water without sinking. The tips of its feet must be coated with molecules that are

answer

hydrophobic. .

question

The lower the pH

answer

the more acidic the solution.

question

Since pure water is neutral in pH, it contains

answer

an equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).

question

The pH of blood is slightly basic. Which of the following would therefore be an expected pH for blood?

answer

7.4

question

Which statement regarding acids and bases is correct?

answer

Acids increase the proportion of hydrogen ions (H+), and bases reduce the proportion of H+.

question

Buffers

answer

keep the pH within normal limits.

question

Aspirin is acetyl salicylic acid and can therefore pose a problem to people who have ulcers. Bufferin is an alternative to aspirin that uses a buffer to neutralize this effect by

answer

adding chemicals that take up excess hydrogen (H+) ions.

question

Rain falling in the northeastern U.S. has a pH between 5.0 and 4.0. Normally, rainwater has a pH of about 5.6. Which of the following statements is not correct?

answer

The pH of the rainwater has changed from neutral to acidic

question

Two molecules of glucose combine to form a disaccharide molecule during a(n) ________ reaction.

answer

dehydration

question

The primary function of carbohydrates is

answer

quick fuel and short-term energy storage.

question

Glycogen is a

answer

polysaccharide used to store glucose/energy.

question

Maltose is classified as a

answer

carbohydrate.

question

All carbohydrate molecules

answer

are composed of atoms of C, H, and the functional group -OH.

question

When two glucose molecules combine they form a disaccharide molecule and

answer

a water molecule.

question

____ is a polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls and accounts for their strength.

answer

Cellulose

question

Hydrolysis of a fat results in

answer

both glycerol and fatty acids.

question

A long chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, ending in the acidic group -COOH would be a(n)

answer

fatty acid.

question

Which of the following types of lipids is the most abundant constituent of cell membranes?

answer

phospholipid

question

Which type of lipid molecule is characterized by a backbone of four fused rings?

answer

steroid

question

Cholesterol is a component of cell membranes and is an example of which type of lipid?

answer

steroids

question

What type of bond will connect the amino acids in a protein?

answer

peptide

question

The molecular structure shown here is

answer

an amino acid.

question

Enzymes are organic compounds classified as

answer

proteins.

question

The _____ structure of a protein consists of the sequence of the amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

answer

primary

question

Hemoglobin is a protein composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains. What is the highest level of protein structure represented by hemoglobin?

answer

Quaternary

question

The proposed cause of CJD and kuru in humans, mad cow disease, and scrapie in sheep is a change in a brain protein. Disease victims appear to have a protein that should normally contain alpha helices but instead they have changed into a protein made of beta pleated sheets. The disease appears to spread when the abnormal protein comes into contact with the normal protein, causing it to become deformed. Which level of protein structure is associated with these diseases?

answer

secondary

question

he final shape of a protein is very important to its function. When proteins undergo an irreversible change in shape called ________________ they ________________ perform their usual functions.

answer

denaturation/cannot

question

Determine what would happen to an individual's proteins if they developed a fever of 103o F for several days.

answer

The proteins would denature due to the increase in body temperature and would become unable to function correctly

question

A genetic mutation can cause a change in the sequence of the 20 amino acids used to build proteins. Such a change is a change to the protein's

answer

primary structure, but this will likely alter higher levels of structure as well.

question

In the search to discover the agents that cause mad cow disease, scrapie in sheep, and CJD and kuru in humans, diseased brain tissues were passed through a fine filter to remove bacteria. The filtrate was still infectious, indicating that something smaller than bacteria, either viruses or organic molecules, must be the causative agent. If a virus was responsible for these brain diseases, then the infectious agent would contain either RNA or DNA. Other possibilities were that the agent was a carbohydrate, fat, or protein. Tissue filtrates were treated with agents that destroyed just one of these chemicals and then injected into a healthy animal, with the results as follows. What is the infectious agent? ·Amylase digests carbohydrates; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. ·Lipase digests fats; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. ·Formaldehyde and/or heat denatures DNA and RNA; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. ·Trypsin digests protein; tissue filtrate does not infect healthy test animal.

answer

protein

question

Which of these combinations would be found in a nucleotide?

answer

base-sugar-phosphate

question

The backbone of a nucleic acid strand is composed of

answer

alternating pentose sugars and phosphate groups.

question

Nucleic acids are polymers of

answer

nucleotides.

question

DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein, but not for sugars or lipids. This is because

answer

proteins are the main structural and functional components of cells.

question

Which statement about the cellular nucleic acids DNA and RNA is incorrect?

answer

RNA and DNA have the same four nitrogen-containing bases.

question

Which nutrient source is the easiest one for humans to break down and form ATP?

answer

glucose

question

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the

answer

epiglottis.

question

The main function of the esophagus is to

answer

transport food from the mouth to the stomach.

question

. In the figure, which structure is the liver?

answer

1

question

In figure, which structure is the primary site for digestion and absorption of food?

answer

2

question

Which structure in figure stores food, has limited digestion, and secretes HCl?

answer

5

question

The pH of the stomach is usually about

answer

2.0

question

Which organ functions to store food, kill bacteria, and partially digest proteins?

answer

stomach

question

The fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine are called

answer

villi

question

Water is absorbed primarily by the

answer

large intestine.

question

Which of the following is responsible for the storage of extra bile?

answer

gallbladder

question

Which organ in the human body produces maltase and peptidases?

answer

small intestine

question

Which of the following types of lipids do not promote cardiovascular disease?

answer

unsaturated fatty acids

question

Antioxidants are

answer

chemicals found in fruits and vegetables that defend against free radicals.

question

If large intestine becomes irritated and peristalsis increases, what is the disease?

answer

diarrhea

question

The digestive system does NOT function in the

answer

manufacture of food molecules.

question

Which of the following is not involved in digestion?

answer

transport of nutrients from food via the blood

question

Which is NOT true of human salivary glands?

answer

They can become inflamed and cause tonsillitis.

question

Which of the following is not true of the tongue?

answer

The tongue secretes salivary amylase.

question

In humans, digestion of starch begins in the

answer

mouth

question

Which of these organs has contact with food for the least amount of time and does not participate in digestion?

answer

esophagus

question

A correct function of the human stomach is

answer

storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to allow chemical digestion.

question

The digestive juices found in the stomach include

answer

pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

question

Name the structure and organ of the digestive tract that contain microvilli and maltase, and absorb nutrients.

answer

villus, small intestine

question

In humans, fats are absorbed

answer

primarily into the ducts of the lacteal of the small intestine.

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the duodenum?

answer

It produces HCl.

question

Bacteria living in the large intestine

answer

are found only in the appendix.

question

As food is processed and moved through the digestive tract, what is the correct order that it is seen?

answer

bolus chyme feces

question

Which of the following is considered an accessory gland in the digestive system

answer

pancreas

question

What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in the digestive tract?

answer

neutralization of chyme arriving at the small intestine

question

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

answer

the production of digestive enzymes

question

Which of the following human digestive enzymes is INCORRECTLY matched to its substrate?

answer

trypsin-nucleic acid

question

. Protein digestion takes place in the

answer

stomach and small intestine.

question

The importance of dietary fiber includes all of the following EXCEPT

answer

increased blood cholesterol levels.

question

Which of the following statements about proteins in the diet is not true?

answer

Amino acids are stored in the body, so we do not need a regular supply of protein in the diet.

question

Which of the following is NOT a mineral required by the body?

answer

folic acid (folacin)

question

Which of the following will NOT increase the risk of obesity?

answer

exercise and sensible diet

question

What is the association of Helicobacter pylori in the digestive system?

answer

Most ulcers are due to stomach infection with this bacteria.

question

Heartburn occurs when

answer

some of the stomach contents escape back into the lower esophagus.

question

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

answer

amylase and maltase

question

From the U.S.D.A. recommended diet, which statements is NOT true?

answer

The daily diet should contain large amounts of saturated fats.

question

Which does NOT represent a category of the MyPlate food guide symbol?

answer

coffee

question

A woman is not getting enough calcium in her diet. One of the first symptoms she may experience would be

answer

a broken bone.

question

At body temperature, which of these combinations is most likely to result in the digestion of proteins?

answer

HCl, pepsin

question

At body temperature, which combinations is likely to result in the digestion of fat?

answer

bile salts, sodium bicarbonate, lipase

question

Which is not a major class of nutrients required by the human body?

answer

fiber

question

Which of the following associations is not true?

answer

Vitamin E is necessary for blood clotting.

question

Anemia is one symptom of deficiency of all following vitamins and minerals except

answer

calcium.

question

In order for fats to be digested into fatty acids and glycerol efficiently

answer

pancreatic juice must be secreted and bile must be present.

question

What pH is required for protein to be digested into peptides with the use of pepsin?

answer

3.0

question

The molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a member of which class of macromolecules?

answer

nucleic acids

question

In which of the following molecules would you NOT expect to find electrons shared between the atoms that make up the molecule?

answer

sodium chloride

question

A biological polymer is known to contain amino acids. This polymer i

answer

a protein.

question

The elements hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon

answer

are common elements in the molecules that make up living organisms.

question

The role of chemical buffers in living systems is to

answer

maintain the hydrogen ion concentration within the narrow limits favorable for the internal environment of cells.

question

In a saturated fat, you would expect to find all of the following, EXCEPT

answer

double-bonded carbon atoms.

question

Proteins, DNA, and starch are all

answer

polymers.

question

Glucose is to cellulose as a cytosine-containing nucleotide is to

answer

DNA.

question

Which of the following would NOT be considered a type of sterol?

answer

cellulose

question

What will happen if you add a mild acid to a solution that is buffered at pH = 7?

answer

The pH will not change much.

question

BIOLOGY IN THE NEWS A low amount of which substance causes burgers to lack tenderness, flavor and succulence?

answer

fat

question

Assume that a protein is made exclusively from hydrophobic amino acids. This protein would also be considered

answer

nonpolar.

question

A pH value of 0 represents the lowest possible concentration of free hydrogen ions in a solution. The lowest possible concentration of free hydrogen ions is represented by a pH value of

answer

3

question

The main difference between an acid and a base is that

answer

acids donate hydrogen ions in water, whereas bases accept hydrogen ions.

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a compound that would fall into the category of monomers?

answer

DNA

question

Which of the following statements about covalently bonded molecules is false?

answer

Opposing electrical charges hold the molecule together.

question

If two electrons come close to one another, they

answer

are repelled by their like electric charges.

question

Bonds that hold atoms together through the sharing of electrons are called ________ bonds.

answer

covalent

question

Salt and sugar both dissolve well in water, but for different reasons. In the case of salt, water molecules

answer

surround the separated ions because of their partial electrical charge

question

Which of the following would be considered to be a radioisotope?

answer

14C

question

In a phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid molecules are pointed

answer

toward the center of the bilayer so that they are able to avoid contact with water

question

Which of the following represents a polymer of amino acids?

answer

proteins

question

Chemical reactions always begin and end with the same number and type of atoms; however, during the reaction, those atoms are usually ________.

answer

rearranged

question

Which of the following components would NOT be found in a typical phospholipid bilayer?

answer

thymine

question

Which of the following statements about water is true?

answer

Polar substances that can form hydrogen bonds will dissolve in it.

question

A solution with pH = 5 is ________ than a solution with pH = 7.

answer

100 times more acidic

question

H2O and CH4 are both examples of

answer

molecules.

question

A compound capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water

answer

contains at least some polar covalent bonds.

question

Hydrogen bonds and hydrophilic interactions are

answer

weak chemical bonds that hold separate molecules together.

question

A scientist discovers a new microscopic structure and hypothesizes that it is a living organism. Which of the following characteristics would support the contention that this "organism" may be alive?

answer

. It contains DNA..

question

An important feature of the flow of energy through the living world is that energy

answer

flows in one direction, from the sun to producers and then to consumers

question

The Biology in the News article, "Curbing the Enthusiasm on Daily Multivitamins," describes a study that found that taking a common combination of essential vitamins and minerals every day decreased the incidence of cancer by 8 percent, compared with a placebo pill. Which of the following factors is a potential limitation of this study?

answer

All the participants in the study were older white males who had healthier lifestyles than the average person

question

Characteristics that are beneficial to species, such as the fast speed at which pronghorn antelope can run, are known as evolutionary

answer

adaptations

question

Evolution represents biological change that accumulates over time. However, this change is not always apparent at every level in the biological hierarchy. Scientists most commonly observe the effects of evolution at the ________ level.

answer

species

question

Which of the following processes is NOT a mechanism of evolution?

answer

biological stasis

question

Which of the following statements is NOT a scientifically testable hypothesis?

answer

Biological diversity is the result of a single divine creation.

question

Which of the following traits would be a characteristic of a living, but NOT a dead, cell?

answer

utilization of energy

question

A kernel of corn contains an embryo plant that is capable of becoming a complex plant with roots, stalks, leaves and ears of corn. This potential reflects which property of life?

answer

growth & development

question

Which of these combinations would be found in a nucleotide

answer

base-sugar-phosphate group

question

The hereditary material found in all cells is:

answer

DNA

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