Chapter 1 – Becoming an Effective Teacher of Reading – Flashcards
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Constructivism
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• PIAGET Describes learning as the active construction of knowledge • Recognizes the importance of background knowledge • Views learners as innately curious • Advocates collaboration, not competition • Suggests ways to engage students so they can be successful EX: literature focus units, K-W-L charts, learning logs, thematic units, word sorts
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To which theorist is constructivism attributed
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Piaget
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Sociolinguistic
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• Emphasizes the importance of language and social interaction on learning • Views reading and writing as social and cultural activities • Explains that students learn best through authentic activities • Describe the teacher's role as scaffolding students' learning • Advocates culturally responsive teaching • Challenges students to confront injustices and inequities to society
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Sociolinguistic Applications
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literature circles, shared reading, questioning the author, reading and writing workshop, author's chair
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information processing theory
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• Compares the mind to a computer • Recommends integrating reading and writing • Views reading and writing as meaning-making processes • Explains that readers' interpretations are individualized • Describes students as strategic readers and writers
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Information Processing Theory Applications
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guided reading, graphic organizers, grand conversations, interactive writing, reading logs
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The Phonological System
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the sound system of English with approximately 44 sounds and more than 500 ways to spell them (phonemes, graphemes)
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Phoneme
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Smallest unit of sound
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Grapheme
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Written representation of a phoneme
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Syntactic system
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the structural system on English that governs how words are combined into sentences
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Syntax
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The structure of grammar of a sentence
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Morpheme
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the smallest meaningful unit of written language
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Free morpheme
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a morpheme that can stand alone as a word
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Bound morpheme
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Must be attached to a free morpheme
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Semantic System
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The meaning system of English that focuses on vocabulary
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Semantics
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Meaning
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Synonyms
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words that mean the same or nearly the same thing
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Antonyms
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Opposites
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Homonyms
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Words that sounds alike but are spelled differently
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Pragmatic System
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The system of English that offers language choices according to social and cultural uses (Function, Standard/Non Standard English)
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Strategies teachers can use to create a classroom community
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Safety, Respect, High Expectations, Risk Taking, Collaboration, Choice, Responsibility, Family and Community Involvement
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Shared Reading
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teachers and students read books together, with students following as the teacher reads and then repeating familiar refrains. Language Experience Approach, KWL Charts
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Interactive Reading
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teachers and students read instructional-level texts together and take turns doing the reading. Teachers help students read fluently and with expression.
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Interactive Writing
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Students and the teacher create a text and write a message
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Interactive reading/writing examples
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Choral Reading and Readers Theatre
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Guided Reading
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teachers plan and teach reading lessons to small, homogeneous groups using instructional-level books. The focus is on supporting and observing students' use of strategies.
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Guided Writing
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Teachers plan and teach lessons on a writing strategy, skill, or procedure and students participate in supervised practice activities.
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Guide Reading/writing examples
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Mini-lessons, Collaborative book
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Guided Practice
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Interactive instruction between teacher and students.
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zone of proximal development
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(Vygotsky) The distance between students' actual developmental level and their potential developmental level that can be reached with scaffolding by the teacher or classmates.
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To which theorist is the zone of proximal development attributed?
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VYGOTSKY
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Literature Focus Units
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Students read and response to grade-appropriate books together as a class or the teacher reads books aloud. Teachers teach mini-lessons on strategies, vocabulary and comprehension.
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Literature Circles
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Students form literature circles or "book clubs" to read and respond to self-selected trade books. Develop reading and discussion schedule and assume roles for the discussion. Teachers sometimes participate in discussion.
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classroom assessment tools
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• Observation of students as they participate in instructional activities • Running Records • Examination of students' work • Conference to talk with students about their reading and writing • Rubrics • Formative (Ongoing) • Summative (End of a lesson/unit)
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Reading logs
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Students write about and draw their thoughts and feelings about what they read. Used to increase comprehension, helps to unravel their thinking.
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Learning Logs
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Used to make notes on important content area information they are learning.
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Banks' approaches to Multicultural curriculum reform
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1. The Contributions Approach 2. The Additive Approach 3. The Transformative Approach 4. The Social Action Approach
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The Contributions Approach
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Least amount of involvement in multicultural education approaches. Incorporated by selecting books and activities that celebrate holidays, heroes, and special events from various cultures. Spending time reading about Dr. MLK in January
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The Additive Approach
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Content, concepts, themes, and perspectives are added to the curriculum without changing the basic structure. Examining the perspective of a Native American about Thanksgiving
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The Transformative Approach
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Changes the structure and the curriculum and encourages students to view concepts, issues, themes, and problems from several ethnic perspectives. A unit of Thanksgiving would become an entire unit exploring cultural conflict.
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The Social Action Approach
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Combines the transformation approach with activities that strive for social change. Students may write letters to senators, congress and newspaper editors.
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