Chapter 1: Abnormal Psychology Test Questions – Flashcards
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psychological disorder
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a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally accepted (different for each culture)
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phobia
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a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation
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Judy
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16 year old with episodes of fainting, suffering from a blood-injection-injury phobia
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abnormal behavior
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a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress (not all disordered people feel distress) or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally experienced, need all 3
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psychological dysfunction
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breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning. ex. fainting at sight of blood
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atypical
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not culturally accepted; most people far from average are talented or eccentric, not a disorder; violating social norms
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robert sapolsky
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studied Masai people with disorder, shows cultural differences
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difference between DSM-IV and DSM-5
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addition of dimensional estimates of the severity of specific disorder
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prototype
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typical profile of someone with disease or disorder
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psychopathology
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scientific study of psychological disorders
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clinical and counseling psychologists
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receive Ph.D. degree, one more focused on severe patients, one focused on relatively healthy people
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Psy. D
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focus on clinical training and deemphasize research training
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Ph. D.
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in universities, integrate clinical and research training
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psychiatrists
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earn M.D. degree in med school, emphasize drugs or biological treatments
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psychiatric social workers
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master's degree in social work, treat disorders concentrating on family problems, collect info about individual with psych disorder
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psychiatric nurses
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care and treatment of patients with psychological disorders
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marriage and family therapists/mental health counselors
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1-2 years earning masters degree, employed by clinical services under supervision
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scientist-practitioners
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scientific approach to their clinical work: 1. keep up with scientific developments in field 2. evaluate/assess their own treatment procedures to see if they work 3. conduct research/produce new information
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presenting problem
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why the person came into the clinic
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clinical description
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unique combo of behaviors, thought, and feelings that make up a specific disorder; what makes disorder different from normal behavior; age may be important, gender may be important
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prevalence
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how many people in the population have the disorder
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incidence
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how many new cases occur during a given period
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chronic course
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disorder tends to last a long time
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time-limited course
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individual likely to recover in a few months
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episodic course
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recurrence of disorder
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acute onset
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disorder occurs suddenly
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insidious onset
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disorder develops gradually over an extended period
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prognosis
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anticipated course of a disorder
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developmental psychopathology
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study of changes in abnormal behavior; (life-span is across an entire age span)
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etiology
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study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins- biological, psychological, and social dimensions
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traditional psych approaches
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supernatural, biological, and psychological
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exorcism
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performed in effort to rid victim of evil spirits
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supernatural tradition
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evil spirits blamed for abnormal behavior; a lot of the blame was put on the individual;
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Nicholas Oresme
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14th century; suggested that the disease of melancholy was the source of bizarre behavior, rather than demons
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King Charles VI of France
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went mad, went to the countryside and was treated and got better, then he got wild again
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techniques for treatment
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snake pits, shocking, exorcisms; also rest, sleep and a happy and healthy environment
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emotion contagion
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the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us; mob psychology
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mass hysteria
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large-scale outburst of bizarre behavior; in middle ages people thought it was devil possession
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Paracelsus
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swiss physician in 1400s; suggested movement of stars and moon had effect on people's functioning; gravitational effects of moon on bodily fluids might be a cause of mental disorders
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Hippocrates
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father of modern western medicine; wrote Hippocratic Corpus- suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease; considered brain seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion
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Galen
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developed Hippocrates ideas; created school of thought within biological tradition
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Hippocratic-Galen approach
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humoral theory of disorders; first theory with "chemical imbalance"
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humoral theory of disorders
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brain functioning was related to 4 bodily fluids/humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm- heat, dryness, moisture, and cold; treatment included regulating environment depending on which humor is out of balance
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sanguine
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ruddy in complexion
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melancholic
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depressive
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phlegmatic
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apathy and sluggishness, calm under stress
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choleric
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hot tempered
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Robert Burton
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suggested eating tobacco and a half-boiled cabbage to induce vomiting
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Chinese psychological methods
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movement of air/wind; mental disorder caused by blockages of wind or presence of cold dark wind (yin) as opposed to life sustaining (yang); acupuncture
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Egyptians
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assumed somatic symptom disorders were only occurring in women "wandering uterus"
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John P. Grey
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champion of biological tradition; cause of insanity is always physical; improved hospital conditions but they became too large and impersonal; later believed mental disorders were result of undiscovered brain pathology and were incurable
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advanced syphilis
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STD with similar symptoms to psychosis; condition designated a disease; Louis Pasteur found specific bacterial microorganism that caused it; similar to paresis; since disease was similar to psychosis people believed it too had biological cure
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Manfred Sakel
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viennese physician; comatose patients with electric shock; insulin shock therapy
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Benjamin Franklin
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discovered mild shock to head did little harm and helped discovery of shock for depression
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Joseph von Meduna
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1920s; observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy; seizures may cure disorder
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Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
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shock therapy
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1950s
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first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders; Rauwolfia serpentine and neuroleptics (tremors and shaking) benzodiazepines
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bromides
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sedating drugs to treat anxiety and other disorders; disappeared after bad physical symptoms
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Emil Kraepelin
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18-1900s; found father of psychiatry; little involved on treatment and was instead involved in diagnosis and classification
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Plato
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thought 2 causes of behavior were social and cultural influences and learning that took place in environment
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Aristotle
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emphasized influence of social environment and early learning
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psychosocial treatment
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approaches causation of psychopathology on psychological factors AND social and cultural ones
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moral therapy
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treating patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction; 19th century
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Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
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moral therapy- removed chains and restrains; humane and socially facilitative atmosphere; William Tuke and Benjamin Rush followed moral therapy as well
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Horace Mann
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treated incurable patients with moral therapy and succeeded
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Dorothea Dix
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reform in treatment of insanity; mental hygiene movement; humane treatment became widely available but since there were more mental patients the care became subpar
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Franz Anton Mesmer
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father of hypnosis; patients have problems caused from undetectable fluid "animal magnetism"
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hypnosis psychologists
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Mesmer, Charcot, Breuer and Freud (discovered unconscious mind)
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catharsis
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release of emotional material
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Id
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source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies; primary process- emotional irrational thinking
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libido
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energy or drive within the id
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thanatos
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death instinct
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pleasure principle
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id operates with this, eliminating associated tension or conflicts
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ego
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ensures we act realistically; reality principle; secondary process-logic and reason; goal is to balance superego and id
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superego
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conscience, moral principles instilled in us by parents or culture
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Intrapsychic conflicts
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conflicts within the mind
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defense mechanism
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when conflicts of id and superego produce anxiety that threatens to overwhelm ego, these processes keep emotions in check so that ego can continue its coordinating function
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Oral stage
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stage 1; need of food; fixation is thumb sucking
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Phallic stage
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stage 2; genital self-stimulation
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oedipus complex
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battle of lust for mother and castration anxiety from father
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electra complex
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young girl wanting to replace mother and possess father; girl desires penis to be like brothers and father (penis envy)
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neuroses
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neurotic disorders; non psychotic psychological disorders resulted from underlying unconscious conflicts
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Anna Freud
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ego psychology
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Heinz Kohut
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self-psychology- formation of self-concept and attributes of the self that allow an individual to progress towards health
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Object-relations
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study of how children incorporate images memories and values of a person who was important to them
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Carl Jung
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concept of collective unconscious; spiritual and religious drives are just as important as sexual drives
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collective unconscious
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wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation
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Alfred Adler
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inferiority complex- striving for superiority; humans have strong drive for self-actualization
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Erik Erikson
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eight specific stages of life; development across a lifetime
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free association
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psychoanalytic; say whatever comes to mind without socially required censoring; brings out emotionally repressed material
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dream analysis
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psychoanalytic; therapist interprets content of dream, supposedly reflecting the primary process thinking of the id
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transference
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patients come to relate to therapist much as they did to important figures in their childhood; countertransference can occur- therapist projecting onto patient
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Abraham Maslow
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humanistic theory; hierarchy of needs
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Carl Rogers
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person-centered therapy
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unconditional positive regard
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complete and unqualified acceptance of most of the client's feelings and actions, critical to humanistic approach; empathy
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Pavlov
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classical conditioning
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Classical conditioning
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neutral stimulus paired with response until it elicits that response
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stimulus generalization
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response generalizes to similar stimuli
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Edward Titchener
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study of introspection; inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli
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John B Watson
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father of behaviorism; little albert
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Mary Cover Jones
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thought if fear could be classically conditioned in this way, perhaps it could also be unlearned
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Joseph Wolpe
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systematic desensitization, gradually introduced to stimuli until they don't fear it; behavior therapy
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B.F. Skinner
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operant conditioning- behavior changes as function of what follows the behavior (reward); punishment not as effective
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Edward Thorndike
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law of effect- behavior is either strengthened r weakened depending on consequences of that behavior
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shaping
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process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors
