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When private railroad promoters asked the United States government for subsidies to build their railroads they gave all of the following reasons

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too risky without government help, too costly without government help, private investors would not accept initial financial losses, and impossible to serve military and postal needs without government help.

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During the Gilded Age most of the railroad barons built their railroads with

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government assistance.

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The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by

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providing railroad corporations with land grants.

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James J. Hill - Great Norther

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...

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Cornelius Vanderbilt - New York Central

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...

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Leland Standord - Central Pacific

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...

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The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was

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the Great Northerner.

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One by-product of the development of the railroads was the

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movement of people to cities.

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The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was

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the railroad network.

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The United States changed to standard time zones when the

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major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep their schedules to avoid wrecks.

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Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called

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pools.

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Early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to

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avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area.

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Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first

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came in the form of action by the Supreme Court.

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The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was

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the Interstate Commerce Commission.

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One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was

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that it represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business.

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After the Civil War

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the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States helped to build the nation into an industrial giant.

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One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was

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increased competition.

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Andrew Carnegie -

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vertical integration

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John D. Rockefeller -

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trust

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J. Pierpont Morgan -

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interlocking directorate

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Andrew Carnegie -

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steel

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John D. Rockefeller -

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oil

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J. Pierpont Morgan -

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banking

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James Duke -

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tobacco

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The steel industry

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owed much to the inventive genius of Henry Bessemer.

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J.P. Morgan undermined competition by

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placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as an interlocking directorate.

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America's first billion-dollar corporation was

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United States Steel.

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The first major product of the oil industry was

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kerosene.

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The oil industry became a huge business with the

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invention of the internal combustion engine.

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John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry

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employing spies, extorting rebates from railroads, pursuing a policy of rule or ruin, and using high-pressure sales methods.

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The "gospel of wealth" which associated godliness with riches encouraged

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many millionaires to help the poor.

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To help corporations the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment which was

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designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to avoid corporate regulation by the states.

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The Fourteenth Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when

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defending themselves against regulation by state governments.

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The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was

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at first primarily used to curb the power of railroad corporations.

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During the age of industrialization the South remained

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overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.

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The South's major attraction for potential investors was

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cheap labor.

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In the late nineteenth century tax benefits and cheap nonunion labor especially attracted

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textile manufacturing to the "new South."

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Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as the

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only steady jobs and wages available.

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One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was

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the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock.

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The group most affected by the new industrial age was

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women.

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Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century industrialworkers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following

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economical swings and depressions, employers' whims, sudden unemployment, and illness and accident.

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The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented a

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romantic ideal of the independent and athletic "new woman."

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Most women works of the 1890s worked for

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economic necessity.

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A closed shop is least similar to

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lockout yellow dog contract, blacklist and company town.

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Generally the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the

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Constitution in such a way as to favor corporations.

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National Labor Union

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a social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s

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Knights of Labor

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the "one big union" that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration

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American Federation of Labor

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an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions

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In its efforts on behalf of workers the National Labor Union won an

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eight-hour day for governing workers.

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One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was

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Chinese.

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The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would

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disappear when labor would own and operate businesses and industries.

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The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be preserved from corrupt monopolies by

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strengthening the economical and political independence of the workers.

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One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its

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lack of class-consciousness.

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The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the

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American Federation of Labor.

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By 1900 American attitudes toward labor began to change as the

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public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike. Nevertheless, the vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor.

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By 1900 organized labor in America had begun to

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develop a more positive image with the public.

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The people who found fault with the "captains of industry" mostly argues that

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these men built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.

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Even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism generally concede that

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class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because America has greater social mobility than Europe has.

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All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion

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a large pool of unskilled labor, an abundance of natural resources, American ingenuity and inventiveness, and a political climate favoring business.

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