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Prohibition

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the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

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18th Amendment

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Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

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21st Amendment

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This ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment. 1933

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Organized Crime

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A business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit, in the 1920s professional criminals or gangsters earned big money providing society alcohol

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Bootlegger

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Person who made, smuggled or sold illegal liquor during prohibition.

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Speakeasy

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A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during Prohibition

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Modernism

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trend that emphasized science and secular values over traditional ideas about religion

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Fundamentalism

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A religious movement that stressed the teachings of the Bible, rejected the theory of evolution and resisted social changes happening in the 1920s.

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Scopes Trial

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A highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school

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Economic Boom

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During the 1920s America experieinced a period of growth for production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. During this time period, people bought more, invested in businesses, and industries / businesses grew.

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Creditor Nation

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A nation that exports more than it imports, so that it is owed money by other nations.

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Laissez-Faire

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Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.

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Consumerism

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1920s ideology that encouraged people to buy newly available goods. This is a theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial. America concentrated on producing and distributing goods for a market which must constantly be enlarged.

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Marketing

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The commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service. In the 1920s this involved the rapidly growing advertising industry.

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Installment plan

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A system for paying for goods by installments enabled people to buy goods over an extended period without having to put down much money at the time of purchase. This practice increased in the 1920s.

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Tariff

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A tax on imported goods.

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Fordney-McCumber Tariff

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A set of regulations, enacted by Congress in 1922, that raised taxes on imports to record levels in order to protect American businesses against foreign competition.

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Assembly Line

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In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. Production system created by Henry Ford to make goods faster by moving parts on a conveyor belt past workers.

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Henry Ford

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A factory owner famous for his Model T. He developed the assembly line, which quickened production in factories, as well as the Model T. Founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

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Warren Harding

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Elected president in 1920 became president in 1921. Belived in laissez-faire, Promised a "return to normalcy" after World War One and President Wilson and his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). For example Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself., 29th U.S. President. 1921-1923 (Died of natural causes). Republican

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Calvin Coolidge

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Soft spoken, pro-business president (1923-1929) who took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and antiregulation policies of his predecessor; his laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923 to 1929.

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First Red Scare

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A widespread fear of Communism in the US during the 1920s after the revolution in Russia.

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Communism

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An economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions., An economic and social system envisioned by the 19th century German scholar, Karl Marx in theory, all means of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals.

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Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

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1917 uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.

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Vladimir Lenin

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Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)

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Palmer Raids

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Raids conducted by the Justice department to root out communists, socialists, and anarchists, who they believed were trying to overthrow the U.S government. Many immigrant were deported (kicked out of the country)

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Anarchy

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a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government), The absence of any legitimate governmental authority, resulting in political disorder and sometimes chaos and mob rule. This political theory became popular enough in Europe and the U.S. at eh end of the 1800s and begining of the 1900s to scare Americans

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Nativism

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A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. Nativsim was widespread amongst Americans after World War One and during the 1920s. There was a fear of foreigners, Communists and Anarchists.

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Quota System

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Established the maximum number of people who could enter the United States from each foreign country.

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National Origins Act 1924

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A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians.

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Sacco-Vanzetti Trial

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The trial of two Italian immigrants in Massachusetts came to symbolize the anti-foreign feeling of the 1920s. Good example of the first Red Scare. Convicted 1921 of murder. Jury and judge prejudiced because the defendants were Italian, and may have been atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers, etc. Electrocuted 6 years later.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

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A federal law enforcement agency that is the principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice c. Created in 1908 with just 34 agents investigating crimes involving national banking, bankruptcy, naturalization, anti-trust, and land fraud -1910, major expansion became responsible for enforcement of the Mann Act later expansion came investigation and enforcement of the Espionage Act, Selective Service Act, and the Sabotage Act 1924 purpose changed to prevent Communists and radicals from taking over. -J. Edgar Hoover was director from 1924 to his death in 1972 -1932, established it's crime lab -1935, agency changed it's name from Bureau of Investigation to FBI -responsibilities include national security priorities such as counter terrorism, counterintelligence, and cyber crime, and criminal priorities such as public corruption, civil rights, organized crime, white collar crime, and major thefts,

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KKK

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This group was powerful and had its most members in the 1920s. They hated not only blacks but also jews, catholics, immigrants, and groups believed to represent "Un-American" values.

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Harlem Renaissance

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A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

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Great Migration

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Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural South into northern cities between 1914 and 1920.

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Marcus Garvey

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African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

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Back to Africa Movement

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A movement that called for all people of African descent to return to their homeland; a result of Marcus Garvey's dream of a Universal Negro Improvement Association.

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Booker T. Washington

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Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881.

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W.E.B DuBois

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Black intellectual who challenged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

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NAACP

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans.

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Universal Negro Improvement Association

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(UNIA) Association founded by Marcus Gravey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa.

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James Weldon Johnson

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NAACP leader during the 20s who pushed for an end to lynching and who wrote a protest song ("Lift Every Voice and Sing") that become known as the black national anthem.

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Langston Hughes

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African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

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Zora Neale Hurston

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Harlem Renaissance, Feminist/ Woman, wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; 20th century folklorist, traveled the rural back roads of her native florida collection folk tales in the books such as 'mules and men' wrote 'their eyes were watching god' and expressed the new longing for indpendence felt by many women black and white.

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Carter G. Woodson

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African-American historian, author, journalist and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. He was one of the first scholars to value and study Black History.

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Al Capone

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An organized crime boss based in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

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Volstead Act,

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Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

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Rosewood Incident

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1923-Racially motivated massacre of several African Americans in a Florida town that ignited as a result of a rumor that a black man had assaulted a white woman. The massacre was a violent, racially motivated conflict that took place during the first week of January 1923 in rural Levy County, Florida, United States. At least six blacks and two whites were killed, and the town of Rosewood was abandoned and destroyed in what contemporary news reports characterized as a race riot. Racial disturbances were common during the early 20th century in the United States, reflecting the nation's rapid social changes.

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19th Amendment

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U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

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Dawes Plan

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1924 Created by Charles Dawes, a banker-A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success until the stock market crash of 1929.

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Flappers

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carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

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Jazz Age

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Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. His noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece.

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Duke Ellington

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United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader during the Harlem Renaissance Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

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Louis Armstrong

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Trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, 1st real solo performer of Jazz brought prominence to "scat singing", Breached race barrier as he was so popular, Famous song "what a wonderful world". Delivered Jazz to the North and to the world

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