Ch_25 The Industrial Revolution – Flashcards

Section 1

From hand to machine from one at a time to mass production

Neoliothic, Glorious, Scientific, French

Great increase in machine production that began in England in the 18th century

Large closed-in field for farming

Planting a different crop in a different field each year

Process of developing machine production of goods

Conditions needed to produce goods and services

Building where goods are made

Person who organizes, manages, and takes on the financial risk of a business enterprise

production of goods. Great Britain had all the resources needed for industrialization. These resources included coal, water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks. Britain also had all the factors of production that the Industrial Revolution required. These factors of production included land, labor (workers), and capital (wealth).

Several new inventions helped businesses make cloth and clothing more quickly. Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769. It used water power to run spinning machines that made yarn. In 1779, Samuel Compton invented the spinning mule that made better thread. In 1787, Edmund Cartwright developed the power loom. The power loom was a machine that sped up the cloth-making process.

The steam engine used fire to heat water and produce steam. The power of the steam drove the engine. Eventually steam driven engines were used to run factories. At the same time, improvements were being made in transportation. Robert Fulton, an American, invented the first steam-driven boat. This invention allowed people to send goods more quickly over rivers and canals.

Section 2

City building and the movement of people to cities

A social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Living conditions were bad in crowded cities. Many people could not find good housing, schools, or police protection. Filth, garbage, and sickness were part of life in the slums. A person in a city could expect to live 17 years. In the countryside, a person could expect to live 38 years. Working conditions were also bad. The average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week. Many workers were killed or seriously injured in accidents.

It created wealth. It created jobs for workers and over time helped many of them live better lives. It produced better diets, better housing, and better clothing at lower prices.

The English city of Manchester is a good example of how industrialization changed society because rapid growth made the city crowded and filthy. The factory owners risked their money and worked long hours to make their businesses grow. In return, they enjoyed huge profits and built huge houses. The workers also worked long hours, but had few benefits. Many of these workers were children, some only six years old. The British government did not limit the use of children as workers until 1819. The large amount of industry in Manchester caused environmental problems. Coal smoke and cloth dyes from the factories polluted the air and water. Yet, Manchester also created many jobs, a variety of consumer goods, and great wealth.

section 3

Right of ownership in a company called a corporation

Business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not responsible for its debts

In the United States, industrialization began in the textile industry. In 1789, Samuel Slater, a British worker, brought the secret of Britain's textile machines to North America. Slater built a machine to spin thread.

Industrial growth also spread from England to the European continent. Belgium was the first to industrialize. It was rich in iron and coal and had good waterways.

The Industrial Revolution changed the world. Countries that industrialized gained more wealth and power than those that did not. The countries of Europe soon began to take advantage of lands in Africa and Asia. The Europeans wanted to use these lands as sources of raw materials for their factories. European merchants saw the people on other continents as little more than markets for European goods. The European nations took control of the lands in many areas of the world outside of Europe. This practice is called imperialism.

Section 4

Economic theory that argues that governments should not interfere with business affairs

Philosopher who defended laissez-faire economics

Economic system in which people invest money to make a profit

Belief that an idea is only as good as it is useful

Belief that businesses should be owned by society as a whole

Economic thinker who wrote about a radical form of socialism

Form of socialism in which all production is owned by the people

Organized groups of workers that bargain with business owners to get better pay and working conditions

Organized refusal to work

In a capitalist economy, people invest their money in businesses to make a profit.

Some thinkers wanted society as a whole to own businesses. This way a few people would not grow wealthy at the expense of everyone else. Instead, all people would enjoy the benefits of increased production. This view—called socialism—grew out of a belief in progress and a concern for justice. In a capitalist economy, people invest their money in businesses to make a profit.

While thinkers discussed these different ideas, workers fought to improve their lives. Many workers joined unions. A union is a group of workers that tries to bargain with employers for better pay and better working conditions. When employers resisted these efforts, the workers went on strike, or refused to work. British and American workers struggled for a long time to win the right to form unions. By the late 1800s, workers in both countries had made some progress. The British Parliament and reformers in the United States also tried to fix other social problems. Britain passed laws to limit how much work women and children could do. Groups in the United States pushed for similar laws.

One major reform movement was the effort to improve the lives of workers. Another major reform movement of the 1800s was the effort to abolish slavery.