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Cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT

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combines the ideas and techniques of cognitive and behavioral psychologists.

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Rational emotive therapy

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is an example of a specific type of CBT (also known as REBT and sometimes referred to as RET), developed by Albert Ellis.

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family therapy

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One common use of group therapy is in treating families. This form of treatment is known as ______. Since a client's problem do not occur in a vacuum, many therapists find meeting with the whole family helpful in revealing the patterns of interactions between family members and altering the behavior of the whole family rather than just one member.

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Self-help groups

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such as Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) are a form of group therapy that does not involve a therapist at all.

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Somatic therapies

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Psychologists with a biomedical (biological) orientation see the cause of psychological disorders in organic causes. These include imbalances in neurotransmitters or hormones, structural abnormalities in the brain, or genetic predispositions that might underlie the other two.

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Drug Therapy

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Drugs treat many kinds of psychological problems, ranging from anxiety disorders to mood disorders to schizophrenia. The more severe a disorder, the more likely that drugs will be used to treat it. A shortcoming of most kinds of psychotherapy is its limited use in dealing with patients unable to express themselves coherently.

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antipsychotic

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Schizophrenia is treated with _____ drugs such as Thorazine or Haldol. These drugs generally function by blocking the receptor sites for dopamine hypothesis. An unfortunate side effect of antipsychotic medication is tardive dyskinesia, Parkinson-like, chronic muscle tremors.

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Anxiety disorders

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Barbiturates, benzodiazepines.

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Unipolar depression

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Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors

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Bipolar disorder

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Lithium

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Schizophrenia

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Antipsychotics (neuroleptics)

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bilateral ECT

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electric current is passed through both hemispheres of the brain. Unilateral ECT involves running current through only one hemisphere.

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Eclectic therapy

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Therapeutic orientations can be combined in different ways. Cognitive behavioral therapies combine some of the techniques from cognitive and behavioral therapies, can be especially effective for some anxiety and some mood disorders Somatic cognitive therapy is another very common combination eclectic therapy. Many combine drug therapy along with cognitive talk therapy for mood and other disorders.

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Psychiatrists

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medical doctors and are therefore the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication in most US states. They often favor a biomedical model of mental illness and are often less extensively trained in psychotherapy.

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Clinical psychologists

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earn Ph.D.s that require four or more years of training involving an internship during which they are overseen by a more experienced professional. They usually deal with people who are suffering from problems more severe than everyday difficulties with work or family.

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Counseling therapists or counseling psychotherapists

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typically have some kind of graduate degree in psychology. Their training also includes an internship overseen by a more experienced professional.

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Primary prevention

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attempt to reduce the incidence of societal problems, such as joblessness or homelessness, that can give rise to mental health issues

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Secondary prevention

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involves working with people at-risk for developing specific problems. Ex. Counseling people who live in an area that has experienced a trauma such as a natural disaster or terrorist attack

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Tertiary prevention

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aim to keep people's mental health issues from becoming more severe, for instance, working with earthquake survivors who are already suffering from an anxiety disorder in the hopes of preventing the disorder from becoming more severe

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Psychoanalysis

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is a therapeutic technique developed by Sigmund Freud. A patient undergoing traditional psychoanalysis will usually lie on a couch while the therapist sits in a chair out of the patient's line of vision

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Hypnosis

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is an altered state of consciousness. Psychoanalysts believe that people in this state are less likely to repress troubling thoughts

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Free association

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to say whatever comes to their mind without thinking. This technique is based on the idea that we all constantly censor what we say, thereby allowing us to hide some of our thoughts from ourselves. If we force ourselves to say whatever pops into our minds, we are more likely to reveal clues about what is really bothering us by eluding the ego's defenses

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Dream analysis

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when psychoanalysts ask their paints to describe their drams. Again, since the ego's defenses are relaxed during sleep, they hope the dreams will help the therapists see what is at the root of the patient's problem

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Manifest content

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is what patients report in dream analysis. What is really of interest is the latent or hidden content of the dream which is revealed only as a result of the therapist's interpretive work

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Resistance

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refers to objections coming from patients when they disagree with their therapist's interpretations

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Transference

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is when, in the course of therapy, patients begin to have strong feelings toward their therapists

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Psychoanalysts

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strict adherents to Freudian's theory

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Psychodynamic theorists

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are influenced by Freud's work but have significantly modified his original theory. While they generally still see the unconscious a an important element in understanding a person's difficulties, they will be more likely to use a variety of techniques associated with other perspectives

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Biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

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Antipsychotic drugs

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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

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Tardive dyskinesia

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involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.

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Antianxiety drugs

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drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

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Antidepressant drugs

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drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters.

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Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

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Psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

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Lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

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Resilience

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the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from carious forms of therapy.

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psychotherapy

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treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self - insight.

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety - laden material.

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

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psychodynamic therapy

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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self - insight.

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insight therapies

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a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

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client - centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth. (Also called person - centered therapy).

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active listening

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client - centered therapy.

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unconditional positive regard

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a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self - awareness and self - acceptance.

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

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counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.

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systematic desensitization

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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety - triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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client-centered therapy

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also called person-centered therapy. This therapeutic method hinges on the therapist proving the client with what Rogers termed unconditional positive regard, which is blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does.Rogers believes that unconditional positive regard is essential to healthy development. People who have not experienced may come to see themselves in the negative ways that others have made them feel. By providing unconditional positive regard, humanistic therapists seek to help their clients accept and take responsibilities for themselves

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non-directive

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meaning Rogerian therapists would not tell their clients what to do but, rather, would seek to help the clients choose a course of action for themselves. Client-centered therapists say very little

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Existential therapies

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are humanistic therapies that focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives

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Counterconditioning

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is a kind of classical conditioning developed by Mary Cover Jones in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one

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systematic desensitization

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One behaviorist method involving counterconditioning is called; This process involves teaching the client to replace the feelings of anxiety with relaxation

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Flooding

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is another classical conditioning technique to treat anxiety. Flooding involves having the client address the most frightening scenario first

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modeling

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a process through which one person learns by observing and then imitating the behavior of another

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Aversive conditioning

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is another classical conditioning technique .This process involves pairing a habit a person wishes to break such as smoking or bed-wetting with an unpleasant stimulus such as electric shock or nausea

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cognitive therapy

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a process most often employed in the treatment of depression

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