question

Biogenesis

answer

the production of living organisms from other living organisms

question

Francesco Redi

answer

set up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation of maggots.

question

Lazzaro Spallanzani

answer

he showed that broth that was heated after being put into a sealed flask did not develop microbial growth.

question

Louis Pasteur

answer

1)Microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter (even in air). 2)Spontaneous generation disproved. 3)Heat can destroy microbes

question

Joseph Lister (1860s)

answer

1. Used a disinfectant (phenol) to clean wounds, surgical dressings and instruments 2. Large decrease in wound infections 3. Concept of Asepsis (lack of germs) finally accepted

question

The cell theory states that ________ are made up of cells. A. archaea B. all living things C. plants D. protozoa E. animals

answer

all living things

question

In Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment, the importance of the S-shaped curves in the flasks was twofold. The curves allowed entry of air, and yet excluded ________. A. heat B. airborne bacteria C. nutrients D. broth E. oxygen

answer

airborne bacteria

question

Pasteurization was first developed to kill ________ in wine. A. all bacteria B. disease-causing bacteria C. antibiotic-producing bacteria D. endospore-producing bacteria E. spoilage bacteria

answer

spoilage bacteria

question

Robert Koch's studies on Bacillus anthracis established a sequence of experimental steps to prove that microbes ________. A. degrade toxic wastes B. can be altered to produce products such as human insulin C. control insect pests D. cause disease E. recycle elements such as nitrogen

answer

cause disease

question

An exposure to ________ protects against infection with smallpox. A. normal microbiota B. antibody C. chemotherapy D. penicillin E. cowpox

answer

cowpox

question

Ehrlich searched for a/an ________. This is a chemical that would hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host. A. vital force B. magic bullet C. animalcule D. pathogen E. vaccine

answer

magic bullet

question

The usefulness of antibiotics is hampered by ________. A. difficulties encountered in mass production B. the limited types of antibiotic available C. an antibiotic's lack of specificity for bacterial versus animal cells D. their inability to kill specific bacteria E. the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

answer

the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

question

All life can be classified into three domains ________. A. Carnivores, Herbivores, Omnivores B. Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa C. Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, Viruses D. Animalae, Plantae, Microbes E. Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

answer

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

question

Which of the following is characteristic of bacteria? A. Bacteria live in extreme environments, including pH, temperature, and pressure extremes. B. Bacteria reproduce by a cell division process known as mitosis. C. Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus. D. Bacteria have DNA or RNA, but not both. E. Bacteria have cellulose or chitin in their cell walls.

answer

Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus

question

All of the following are eukaryotes except ________. A. helminths B. bacteria C. algae D. fungi E. protozoa

answer

bacteria

question

A new microorganism has been isolated from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. It consists of single cells, which appear to lack a nucleus. Chemical analysis shows the presence of both DNA and RNA in the cytoplasm and pseudomurein in the cell wall. In which of the following groups will this organism be classified? A. Archaea B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Protists E. Plants

answer

Archaea

question

Placing the DNA from an animal cell into the genome of a bacterium will allow the bacterium to produce an animal product. This new piece of DNA is referred to as ________. A. the hereditary material B. an enzyme C. conjugation product D. the genetic code E. recombinant DNA

answer

recombinant DNA

question

Which of the following properties are true of both bacteria and viruses? A. Both are surrounded by a protein coat. B. Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity. C. Both have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. D. Both contain DNA and RNA. E. Both can replicate independently

answer

Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity.

question

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has ________. A. selected for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and increased their frequency in both the hospital environment and the community B. directly caused mutations in bacteria that enable them to destroy the antibiotic C. caused bacteria to become resistant to household disinfectants such as chlorine bleach D. caused bacteria to acquire virulence factors and become more deadly E. caused viruses to become resistant to a variety of antibiotics

answer

selected for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and increased their frequency in both the hospital environment and the community

question

Only a small percentage of microbes __________. A. maintain balance between chemicals in the environment B. are pests that cause devastating crop diseases C. produce important products for living organisms, such as oxygen and vitamins D. cause disease

answer

cause disease

question

Which of the following are true of scientific names assigned to living organisms? A. The scientific name is always underlined or italicized. B. The scientific name often includes the common name, such as human for our own species. C. The scientific name is made up of a single kingdom name. D. The entire scientific name is always capitalized.

answer

The scientific name is always underlined or italicized.

question

An organism is found in a deep-sea vent where the temperature is very high and the mineral content very unusual. The organism is unicellular, has no apparent nucleus, and has a cell wall but no peptidoglycan. This organism would be classified as which of the following types of organisms? A. archaea B. bacteria C. algae D. virus

answer

archaea

question

All of the following describe a major feature used to classify organisms into to three domains (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya) EXCEPT __________. A. presence or absence of peptidoglycan B. presence or absence of a nucleus C. presence or absence of DNA D. nutritional and metabolic factors

answer

presence or absence of DNA

question

Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek helped to create the basis of the cell theory by __________. A. observing and documenting cells using microscopes to visualize the invisible structure of living things B. proving that living organisms originate spontaneously from nonliving materials C. developing industrial products using microorganisms D. clarifying the connection between disease and microorganisms

answer

observing and documenting cells using microscopes to visualize the invisible structure of living things

question

Which of the following were instrumental in DISPROVING spontaneous generation? A. Pasteur's experiments using a specialized swan-necked flask that prevented microbes from entering flasks open to the air B. Needham's experiments showing that even boiled vials of meat broth, when covered, became cloudy, teeming with microorganisms after a few days C. Aristotle's observation that some living things just appeared, such as maggots on rotting meat D. Spallanzani's experiment in which flasks of meat broth were boiled and then melted shut, preventing the passage of air altogether.

answer

Pasteur's experiments using a specialized swan-necked flask that prevented microbes from entering flasks open to the air

question

Aseptic technique is a standard lab practice that includes all of the following EXCEPT __________. A. using careful methods to sterilize equipment used to transfer and isolate colonies B. preventing contamination of unwanted microbes present on solids, in liquids, and in the air C. elimination of all oxygen during any processes to prevent contamination D. preventing airborne contaminants from accessing nutrient-rich environments in cultures

answer

elimination of all oxygen during any processes to prevent contamination

question

Koch's postulates are the essential foundation for which of the following? A. the steps that relate a specific microbe to a specific disease (etiology) B. the experiments leading to the development of the scientific method C. the process used to develop pasteurization D. the experiments leading to the germ theory of disease

answer

the steps that relate a specific microbe to a specific disease (etiology)

question

For which of the following can Koch's postulates be used to identify the etiologic agent as the cause of the disease? A. Streptococcus pyogenes, the organism that causes strep throat, which can be cultured on blood agar B. allergies C. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the agent causing AIDS D. Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, which cannot be grown in the laboratory

answer

Streptococcus pyogenes, the organism that causes strep throat, which can be cultured on blood agar

question

Jenner's work with vaccinations depended on which of the following? A. selecting a microbe that could easily evade the immune system B. trusting that the body produced invisible agents that effectively overcame an invisible microbe C. exposing patients to the exact pathogen he was trying to protect them from D. selecting a pathogen that was a bacterium

answer

trusting that the body produced invisible agents that effectively overcame an invisible microbe

question

Which of the following is true about antibiotics? A. Previously treatable microbes have become resistant to some antibiotics. B. Antibiotics kill pathogenic microbes and never affect human cells. C. Antibiotics are strong chemicals that resist microbial enzymes, retaining antimicrobial activity at all times. D. Antibiotics kill a wide range of organisms, including viruses.

answer

Previously treatable microbes have become resistant to some antibiotics.

question

Pasteur discovered that microbes can cause food spoilage. His solution to protect wine from spoiling was a process called pasteurization, which is based on what principle? A. the destruction of all microbes in the wine B. addition of specific disinfectants and food preservatives that prevent the spoilage C. heating beer and wine just enough to kill those organisms causing the spoilage D. filtration of the wine to remove all microbes

answer

heating beer and wine just enough to kill those organisms causing the spoilage

question

All of the following factors contribute to the threat of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) EXCEPT __________. A. evolutionary changes to existing organisms through genetic changes B. Increased human exposure to new, unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecological changes, such as deforestation and construction. C. vaccinations against various types of childhood diseases D. spread of known diseases to new geographic regions or populations by modern transportation

answer

vaccinations against various types of childhood diseases

question

Which of the following processes are beneficial activities of microorganisms? A. recycling elements in the environment B. decomposing sewage C. producing foods and chemicals D. all of these

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following best describes gene therapy? A. use of microbes to recycle nitrogen from the air into the soil B. use of microbes to control pests C. use of microbes for bioremediation D. use of a harmless virus to insert a gene in a host cell

answer

use of a harmless virus to insert a gene in a host cell

question

Which of the following is correctly matched? A. Fleming and antimicrobials B. Erhlich and vaccinations C. Pasteur and antisepsis D. Koch and microscopy

answer

Fleming and antimicrobials

question

How was Pasteur's experiment able, once and for all, to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation? A. Pasteur brought the broth in his experiment to a boil; other experimenters only heated the broth. B. Previous experimenters used a different broth than Pasteur did. C. Previous experimenters excluded air from the sterile broth. Pasteur's approach excluded particles in the air from reaching the broth, but still allowed air to reach the broth. D. All of the above reasons contributed to Pasteur's disproving the theory of spontaneous generation.

answer

Previous experimenters excluded air from the sterile broth. Pasteur's approach excluded particles in the air from reaching the broth, but still allowed air to reach the broth.

question

Robert Hooke's observation of the individual units in thin layers of cork tissue led to the development of _______ theory.

answer

cell

question

Pasteur, Bassi, and Lister made discoveries showing the relationship between microbes and diseases. These discoveries led to the ______.

answer

germ theory of disease

question

Lister knew that carbolic acid (phenol) kills bacteria. He used it as the first _____

answer

disinfectant

question

The protection from disease provided by vaccination is called _______.

answer

immunity

question

The theory of spontaneous generation has been disproven and replaced with the concept that living cells arise only from preexisting cells. This is the concept of ________

answer

biogenesis

question

The _________ are unicellular, eukaryotic microbes that move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.

answer

protozoa

question

Methods that prevent contamination of materials by unwanted microbes are called ______ techniques.

answer

aseptic

question

_______ involves the ability afforded by genetic engineering to insert a missing gene or replace a defective gene in a human cell.

answer

Gene therapy

question

________ disease is one in which pathogens invade a susceptible host.

answer

Infectious

question

True/False Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microbes.

answer

True

question

True/False The theory of biogenesis is the same as the theory of spontaneous generation

answer

False

question

True/False The Golden Age of microbiology began with the work of Louis Pasteur and closed with the discovery of HIV.

answer

False

question

True/False In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus, each living organism is assigned two names.

answer

True

question

True/False Examples of fungi include the yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

answer

True

question

True/False Flagella are appendages that allow locomotion in bacteria.

answer

True

question

True/False Mucous membranes provide a barrier to infectious disease.

answer

True

question

True/False E. coli O157:H7 is part of the normal microbiota in the human large intestine.

answer

False

question

True/False The vast majority of microbes are harmful to humans or plants.

answer

False

question

True/False In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus, each living organism is assigned two names.

answer

True

question

Ehrlich

answer

developed arsenic compound to combat syphilis

question

Fannie Hesse

answer

suggested agar be used in media

question

Fleming

answer

Discovered penicillin

question

Gram

answer

developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish them

question

Ivanowski

answer

first to discover viruses

question

Jenner

answer

Developed vaccine against smallpox

question

Koch

answer

Developed pure culture technique and streak plate Discovered microbe that causes anthrax Discovered microbe that causes tuberculosis

question

Muller

answer

Classification of microbes

question

Neisse

answer

Discovered microbe that causes gonorrhea

question

Semmelweiss

answer

developed hand washing technique to prevent spread of infection in hospitals

question

van Leeuwenhoek

answer

First study of bacteria and use of a microscope

question

Koch Postulates

answer

1) Pathogen must be present in all disease cases 2) Isolate pathogen, cultivate in pure culture 3) Inoculate into susceptible animal, initiate disease symptoms 4) Re-isolate pathogen, confirm it's the same pathogen

question

Spontaneous Generation

answer

the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources

question

Viruses 1. Pathogenic? 2. Large/small? 3. What is the core made of?

answer

1. Yes 2. Small 3. The core is made of nucleic acid

question

When are viruses considered alive?

answer

Viruses are considered liveing OLNY when they multiply in the host cell they infect.

question

Bacillus

answer

rod shaped bacteria

question

coccus

answer

any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria

question

spiral

answer

twisted curved or corkscrew

question

Binary fission

answer

a form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells

question

Scientific Nomenclature

answer

take the Genus then species, capitalize the genus only, and italicize both

question

strains

answer

group of cells which come from the same cells. Pure culture

question

Name taxons in order

answer

1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Genus 7. Species

question

Microbiology

answer

the study of organisms too small to be seen with the eye alone

question

Taxonomy

answer

the science of describing, naming and classifying organisms

question

Five Kingdoms

answer

monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

question

Three Domains

answer

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

question

fermentation

answer

the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen

question

pasteurization

answer

a process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food

question

antibiotic

answer

compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

question

mycology

answer

The study of fungi

question

parasitology

answer

the study of parasites

question

genomics

answer

study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

question

virology

answer

study of viruses

question

biofilm

answer

A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

question

gene therapy

answer

a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria? A. are prokaryotic B. have peptidoglycan cell walls C. have the same shape D. Grow by binary fission E. have the ability to move

answer

have the same shape

question

Which of the following is the most important elemtent of Koch's germ theory of disease? The animal shows disease symptoms when A. the animal has been in contact with a sick animal B. the animal has a lowered resistance C. a microorganism is observed in the animal D. a microorganism is inoculated into the animal E. Microorganism can be cultured from the animal

answer

a microorganism is inoculated into the animal

question

Recombinant DNA is A. DNA in bacteria B. the study of how genes work C. the DNA resulting when genes of two different organisms are mixed D. the use of bacteria in the production of foods E. the production of proteins by genes

answer

the DNA resulting when genes of two different organisms are mixed

question

Which of the following statements is the best definition of biogenesis? A. Nonliving matter gives rise to living organisms B. Living cells can only arise from preexisting cells C. A vital force is necessary for life D. Air is necesary for living organisms E. Microorganisms can be generated from nonliving matter

answer

Living cells can only arise from preexisting cells

question

Which of the following is a beneficial activity of microorganisms? A. Some microorganisms are used as food for humans B. Some microorganisms use carbon dioxide C. Some microorganisms provide nitrogen for plant growth D. Some microorganisms are used in sewage treatment processes E. All of the above

answer

All of the above

question

It has been said that bacteria are essential for the existence of life on earth. Which of the following is the essential function performed by bacteria? A. control insect population B. Directly provide food for humans C. decompose organic material and recycle elements D. cause disease E. produce human hormones such as insulin

answer

decompose organic material and recycle elements

question

Spallanzani's conclusion about spontaneous generation was challenged because Lavoisier had just shown that oxygen was the vital component of air. Which of the following statements is true? A. All life requires air B. Only disease-causing organisms require air C. Some microbes do not require air D. Pasteur kept air out of his biogenesis experiments E. Lavoisier was mistaken

answer

Some microbes do not require air

question

Which of the following statements about E. coli is false? A. E. coli was the first disease-causing bacterium identified by Koch B. E. coli is part of the normal microbiota of humans C. E. coli is beneficial in human intestines D. A disease-causing strain of E. coli causes bloody diarrhea E. none of the above

answer

E. coli was the first disease-causing bacterium identified by Koch

question

Bacteria

answer

are procaryotic cells with peptidoglycan in their cell walls - have formylmethionine as the first amino acid in each protein in DNA - most exhibit antibiotic sensitivity

question

Archaea

answer

procaryotic cells with NO peptidoglycan in cell walls - have methionine as 1st amino acid in each protein in DNA - not usually sensitive to antibiotics - "extremists"

question

Eucarya

answer

eucaryotic cells with a cell wall present (composition varies) - will have methionine in each protien in DNA - NOT sensitive to anitbiotics

Ch1: History of Microbiology – Flashcards

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