Ch 9- Social Class and Sports – Flashcards
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As defined in the chapter, social class refers to
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C- categories of people who share an economic position in society.
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As defined in the chapter, social stratification refers to
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B- structured forms of inequality that affect people's life chances
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Social class relations are related to sports and sport participation because
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D- organized sports depend on material resources.
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Throughout the chapter the term "class relations" is used to refer to
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D- the ways that social class is incorporated into our everyday lives.
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Many people in North America believe that sports are
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D- models of social equality and meritocracy
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When people who control money and economic power use their financial clout to organize and sponsor sports, they give preference to sport forms that
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C- reflect and maintain their own values and interests.
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In the example of how age relations operate in sports, it was explained that the organization of youth sport programs generally reflects
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A- adults' ideas about what children should be doing and learning
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The class ideology underlying dominant sport forms in North America involves the belief that
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A- economic success is proof of ability, worth and character
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Class ideology in the US is organized around
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B- the American Dream and a belief in meritocracy.
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When sports in a society are tied to an ideology that stresses the belief that success is based on the ability to compete against and defeat opponents, sports tend to
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C- reproduce the power and influence of elite groups in society.
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In the Sports Illustrated rankings of the 50 most powerful people in (US) Sports during 2013, the people most represented in the top 20 of the list primarily were
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B- CEOs of sport organizations and media companies
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According to political theorist Antonio Gramsci, members of the ruling class in contemporary societies maintain their power to the extent that they
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C- can convince people that society is organized as best as it can be.
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According to political theorist Antonio Gramsci, the people who sponsor activities that provide popular pleasure and entertainment in society often do so to
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A- deliver messages about what should be important in people's lives.
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The author points out that sports and other forms of exciting entertainment are culturally important because they can be used to
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A- establish ideological outposts in the minds of people
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Research on sport participation and social class tends to show that
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C- higher-income people have high rates of attendance at most sport events
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The lifestyles of middle-income and working class people are most likely to include those sports that have traditionally been
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A- free, open and sponsored with public funds.
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When gender relations and class relations come together in people's lives which category of women is likely to have the highest sport participation rate?
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B- women from upper-income households.
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Being married with children is most likely to interfere with sport participation among
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D- women in lower-income families
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When tax money is used to build sport stadiums and arenas for professional teams, one of the main results is that
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A- public money is transferred to wealthy individuals and corporations.
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At the same time that public money in cities and states has been used to fund the construction of sport venues
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B- fewer average people can afford to buy tickets to see local teams
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Laberge and Albert studied French Canadian boys and found that middle class boys linked sport participation to masculinity because they saw sports as an arena
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B- for gaining social acceptance in male groups.
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Male athletes from poor and working class households often use sport participation as a means of obtaining
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C- respect and a foundation for their identities
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Quotes from the men interviewed by sociologist Loic Wacquant suggest that participation in professional boxing is best understood in terms of
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B- the social context in which people make choices about their lives.
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In his research on boxers, French sociologist Loic Wacquant notes that being a professional boxer in the US is a life choice that
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C- is heavily influenced by the oppressive realities of race and social class.
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When there are budget shortfalls, the high school sport programs most likely to be cut are in communities where there are
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D- large proportions of low-income families
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When school sports depend on corporate sponsors, the main problem is that
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B- corporations usually sponsor only the sports that promote their interests
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The sport participation of young people today depends on family resources more than ever before in recent history. This is important to know because
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B- median household income has been steadily increasing since 2000.
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Data show that ticket prices at men's professional sports in North America have
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A- increased much faster than the rate of inflation
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Efforts to organize fans to resist ticket price increases have generally failed because
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C- wealthy status-conscious spectators don't object to high ticket prices
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Data on global income and living conditions show that
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A- nearly half the people in the world lack the resources to play organized sports
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Opportunities to play professional sports are best described as
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D- short term and limited to relatively few people
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After looking at data on which nations and which athletes win medals at the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the author concludes that these events
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B- a celebration of wealth and economic inequality
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NCAA data on the probability of playing sports beyond high school show that
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C- less than one-half of one percent of high school athletes play pro sports.
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Among US born people, the odds of playing professional sports are
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D- extremely limited for women from all ethnic backgrounds
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When athletes sign pro sport contracts at 21 years old, they can expect to retire between the ages of
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A- 25 and 30 years old
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As of 2013, for every contract dollar made by NBA players during their season, players in the WNBA made
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C- 1 cent
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Which of the following is true about women's job careers in sports?
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D- Job turnover is relatively high among women
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Women who work in sport organizations often face the burden of
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D- dealing with organizational cultures they have not had a role in shaping
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Women are less likely to get certain jobs in sports and sport organizations because being qualified for the job is
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A- often defined as being able to do them as men have done them.
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The author argues that full gender equity in jobs in sport organizations depends on
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B- changing the cultures of sports and sport participation
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Data suggest that opportunities for African Americans in sports are
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C- generally insignificant for the African American population as a whole
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When sports were first desegregated, the existence of "entry barriers" in top-level competitive sports in the U.S. created a situation in which
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C- black athletes had better performance records than white athletes.
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As entry barriers declined, retention barriers took their place. Retention barriers benefited
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D- white players with marginal skills
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Data on the salaries of players in the major team sports shows that in recent years
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B- there is no evidence of race-based salary discrimination.
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Information on the number of blacks in coaching and management positions in North American professional team sports shows that
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C- blacks are underrepresented in most power positions in all sports.
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There have not been significant increases in the proportions of blacks working at top management levels in sports because
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B- hiring processes for top jobs favor people similar to team owners
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The ethnic minorities most likely to be hired for top management positions are those who
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C- have orientations similar to other people in top management.
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In terms of overall employment patterns in sport organizations
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D- white men hold most of the good jobs and nearly all of the top jobs.
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The author concludes that being a varsity athlete in high school or college is most likely to give people an occupational advantage when
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C- playing sports enabled them to expand their experiences apart from sports.
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After reading the chapter we could conclude that future occupational success and upward mobility would be highest among former elite athletes in
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A- golf
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The two major challenges faced by retiring athletes are reconstructing their identities, and
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D- renegotiating their relationships with family and friends.
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Research indicates that problems are most likely when retirement from sport
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A- is forced on an athlete because of injury
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In his discussion of retirement from competitive sports, the author notes that there is a growing belief that sport organizations should
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B- assist athletes during their transition into other parts of their lives
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Data on athletic scholarships in NCAA schools indicate that
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A- over 60% of all athletes play with no athletic scholarships.
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Data from NCAA schools indicate that
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D- revenues generated by black athletes often pay for scholarships for others.
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After reading the chapter on social class and sports, it is clear that in recent years
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C- white men have retained power and control in sport organizations.
